Jurisdiction — Existence of a Dispute as a Condition Precedent to Jurisdiction.

Permanent Court of International Justice — Jurisdiction — Existence of a Dispute as a Condition Precedent to Jurisdiction.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Warsaw Convention on International Air Transport, 1929 — Appropriate forum for action for damages resulting from international flight — Applicability of Convention to flight of private airline under charter to Government for military transport — Limitation of carrier's liability.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Consideration of preparatory work — Consideration of proposals for amendment as relevant to original understanding of the parties — Warsaw Convention on International Air Transport, 1929 — Applicability to flight of private airline under charter to Government for military transport — Forum in which action must be brought — Whether Convention provisions refer to countries rather than components of federal countries — Limitation of carrier's liability.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Expropriation of alien property — Expropriation by Cuba of New York deposits of Cuban banks — Consistency of such expropriation with public policy of State where deposits located — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from — Foreign States — Waiver of immunity of foreign State by initiation of suit in courts of another sovereign — Extent of waiver — The law of the United States of America.

States as international persons — Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Municipal law requirement that courts consider legality of expropriations by foreign State when contrary to international law — Legality of Cuban expropriations — Non-applicability of Act of State doctrine when disputed property is located within forum State at time of purported expropriation — Defence of sovereign immunity — Initiation by foreign sovereign of court proceedings in forum State as waiver of immunity — The law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Official interpretation by Government — Geneva Prisoners of War Convention — Application to Algerian War — Whether bar to prosecution — Whether official interpretation should be requested — The law of France.

War — In general — Prisoners of war — Application of Geneva Convention of 1949 — Algerian rebels — Whether P.O.W. Convention a bar to prosecution — The law of France.

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial jurisdiction — Over territory in general — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Part of State territory — Sovereignty over — Exercise by foreign State — Whether territory foreign territory — Whether bringing of narcotics from the territory amounts to importation — The law of Japan

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — Public ships and other property of foreign States — State-owned merchant vessels — Soviet Mercantile Fleet — Whether immune from jurisdiction — The law of the Republic of China.

Belligerent Occupation — Effects of — Effect on Continued Statehood of the Occupied State.

Nationality — As Affected by Changes of Sovereignty — Separation of Austria from Germany — Married Women — Change in Nationality of Husband during Marriage — Jurisdiction — Exterritorial Effect of Legislation — Effect of Nationality Legislation upon Persons Resident Abroad — International Law and Municipal Law — Primacy of International Law.

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Subjection to territorial sovereignty of receiving State — Military service — Person domiciled in German Federal Republic and subject to conscription there — Grant of deferment — Whether liable for military service in France — Whether to be regarded as subject to German military law — The law of France.

Treaties — Ratification and Entrance into Force — Non-Ratified Treaties — Legal Basis of Conditions Abroad Although Not Ratified in the State of the Tribunal.

War — Effects of — On Enemy Subjects — Persona standi in judicio.

War — Effects of Outbreak of — On Enemy Subjects — Enemy Character — Corporations — The Law of South Africa.

Claims — Nationality of claims — Dual nationals — Claimant possessing nationality of the respondent State — Whether claim against respondent State precluded by claimant’s nationality — Theory of dominant and effective nationality — Hague Convention Concerning Certain Questions regarding the Conflict of Nationality Laws, 1930, Articles 4 and 5 — Iran-United States Claims Tribunal — Whether possessing jurisdiction over claims by persons having nationality of Iran and the United States — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981, Articles II and VII

International tribunals — Iran-United States Claims Tribunal — Nature and function of Tribunal — Whether inter-State tribunal — Whether claims brought before Tribunal in exercise of right of diplomatic protection — Direct access of individual to the Tribunal — Whether jurisdiction clause should always be construed narrowly

Nationality — Individuals — Dual nationality — Whether exceptional — Effect in international law — Circumstances in which nationality acquired — Dominant and effective nationality — Criteria for determining which nationality is dominant and effective

Treaties — Interpretation — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Principles of interpretation — Reference to general international law as aid to interpretation — Whether necessary to demonstrate “converging will” of parties to treaty to establish a particular interpretation — Whether jurisdiction clause to be construed narrowly

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Municipal law concepts in international law — Nationality and citizenship — Effect in international law — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

Aliens — Position of Aliens Affected by Deportation Proceedings — Right to Sue — Right to Recover on Fire Insurance Policy.

Belligerent Occupation — In General — Members of Army of Occupation — Criminal Offence by National of Occupying Power — Accused Person Not a Member of Army of Occupation — Whether United States Citizens in Occupied Germany Entitled to Trial by Jury — Whether Amenable to Jurisdiction of United States Courts of Allied High Commission.

War — Effects of — On enemy property — Confiscation of trade-mark — Legal effect of.

Air — Hijacking — Whether crime of universal jurisdiction — Measures for the suppression of air piracy — Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, 1970 — Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 1971 — International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, 1979

Jurisdiction — Extraterritorial — Principles on which States may exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction — Crimes of universal jurisdiction — Aircraft hijacking — Hostage taking — Whether universal crimes

Jurisdiction — Extraterritorial — Passive personality principle of jurisdiction — Whether nationality of victim a sufficient ground for exercise of jurisdiction — Whether recognized by international law — Hostage taking — Whether passive personality principle applicable — Limits on passive personality principle

Jurisdiction — Executive — Limits on power of State to apprehend offender outside its territory — Application to case where offender accused of crime of universal jurisdiction — Offender arrested on high seas

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Interpretation of legislation — Presumption that Congress did not intend to legislate in a manner contrary to international law — Presumption against extraterritorial effect of legislation — Legislation relating to aircraft hijacking and hostage taking — Intention to create broad jurisdiction — Intention that legislation should give effect to treaties — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Over territory in general and persons and property situated therein — Interference with property of aliens — Right of Congress to freeze assets of nationals of hostile States — The law of the United States of America.

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Trading with the Enemy Act — Cuban Asset Control Regulations — Constitutional power of Government to freeze and sequester property of nationals of hostile States — The law of the United States of America.

Disputes — Unilateral means of redress short of war — Reprisals — Protection of property of nationals abroad — Power to freeze and confiscate alien property at home — The law of the United States of America.

Aliens — Position of property protected by Fifth Amendment to United States Constitution — Constitutional power of state to freeze and sequester assets of aliens — The law of the United States of America.

Privileges and Immunities of Diplomatic Envoys — Members of the Diplomatic Staff of a Foreign Envoy — Status of a “Consular Secretary” — Manner in which Status is to be Proved to the Court — Conclusiveness of Statements Made by or on behalf of the Executive.

Extradition — Procedure of — Requirement that request be accompanied by warrant for arrest of fugitive — Passive extradition The law of Venezuela.

Rivers — Boundary rivers — Navigation — San Juan River forming boundary between Costa Rica and Nicaragua — 1858 Treaty between Costa Rica and Nicaragua — International border fixed on the Costa Rican bank of the river — Entire territory of the river within the sovereignty of Nicaragua — Right of navigation “con objetos de comercio” granted to Costa Rican vessels — Interpretation of treaty — Whether extending to carriage of passengers, including tourists — Navigation by members of Costa Rican riparian communities for purpose of everyday needs — Use of river by Costa Rican official vessels — Regulatory powers of Nicaragua

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles of interpretation — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Whether terms in treaty of long duration to be given an evolving meaning — Treaty imposing restriction on sovereignty of State within its own territory — Whether justifying restrictive interpretation — 1858 Treaty between Costa Rica and Nicaragua regarding sovereignty over, and navigation on, the San Juan River

Sources of international law — Customary international law — Customary practices by riparian communities along border river — Whether capable of giving rise to customary law rights regarding navigation and subsistence fishing

International Court of Justice — Remedies — Presumption that State will comply with judgment of the Court — Whether appropriate to order future compliance