lntemational law in general — Relation to municipal law — Municipal principles of statutory interpretation — Whether applicable to statute incorporating intemational convention into municipal law — Admissibility of travaux préparatoires as interpretative aid — Confirmation of practice by Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties — Whether principles of interpretation laid down therein are binding on English courts — Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, 1929, as amended by the Hague Protocol, 1955 — Carriage by Air Act 1961 — Whether permissible to have recourse to minutes of drafting committees of Hague Protocol in interpreting word “damage” contained therei — The law of England

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Municipal law giving effect to treaty — Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, 1929, as amended by the Hague Protocol, 1955 — Carriage by Air Act 1961 — Article 26(2) of the Convention — Requirement that carrier be notified within seven days of “damage” to baggage — Whether time limit applicable in the event of partial loss of contents of baggage — Meaning of “damage” — Municipal principles of statutory interpretation — Purposive interpretation — Aim of uniformity in application of international agreement representing a consensus of States with diverse legal systems — Achievement of commercial purpose and harmonization of municipal laws of State parties — Bilingual text — French language version to prevail over English — Correct mode of interpreting foreign language text — Use of dictionaries, interpreters and legal experts — Admissibility of commentaries and foreign case law as interpretative aids — Whether practice of other national and international courts in relation to reliance on travaux préparatoires should be followed — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Conditions under which discretion to use travaux préparatoires should be exercised — The law of England

International organizations — Immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Scope of immunity from legal process — Application to Philippine authorities by local trade unions for certification election in order to recruit staff of international organizations — Whether certification likely to lead to legal proceedings constituting undue interference in affairs of international organizations — Exclusion of jurisdiction of municipal courts over employment disputes — Convention on Privileges and Immunities of Specialized Agencies of the United Nations, 1947, Section 31 — Requirement for specialized agencies to make provision for settlement of disputes

Human rights — Freedom of association — Recruitment of members by trade unions — Application by local trade unions for right to recruit staff of international organizations — Reliance on immunity from local jurisdiction by international organizations in order to block application — Whether depriving workers of basic constitutional rights — Whether alternative remedies to workers available for settlement of employment disputes

International organizations — United Nations — Specialized agencies — Definition and functions — United Nations Charter, 1945, Articles 57 and 63 — The law of the Philippines

Territory — Sovereignty over the Air — Air Navigation Convention of 1919 — Aeroplanes Owned by French Subjects but Registered in a State not a Party to the Convention — Flight Over French Territory.

State responsibility — Claims — State control over private claims Expropriationof property of nationals — Right of diplomatic protection — Waiver of right by treaty — Article 14 (a) of Treaty of Peace with Japan, 1951 — The law of Japan.

Effects of treaties of peace — In general — Unequal character of peace treaties — Nature of reparations provisions — Treaty of Peace with Japan, 1951, Articles 14 (a) and 19 (b) — The law of Japan.

Aliens — Position of — Respect for property of — Expropriation of Japanese property within jurisdiction of Allied Powers — Whether former owners can claim compensation from Japanese Government under provisions of peace treaty — Peace Treaty with Japan, 1951, Article 14 (a) — Waiver of right of diplomatic protection.

Jurisdiction — In general — Personal — Over nationals abroad — Whether Federal bankruptcy legislation applies to United States nationals in Canada — The law of the United States

International Organization — Specialized Agencies — International Monetary Fund — Articles of Agreement of — Regulation of Currency and International Exchange — Recognition of Such Regulation by Other States — International Recognition of Exchange Control Regulations — Effect of Withdrawal from Membership in International Monetary Fund.

Nationality — Acquisition and Conferment of — Effect of — Extent of Obligation of Recognition by Other States — Nationality and Diplomatic Protection.

Naturalization — In General — International Requirements of Naturalization for Purpose of Diplomatic Recognition — Recognition by Other States.

State Responsibility — Claims — Diplomatic Protection — Nationality of Claims — Conferment of Nationality — Effect of — Extent of Obligation of Recognition by Other States — Nationality and Diplomatic Protection — Effective Nationality — International Requirements of Naturalization for the Purpose of Diplomatic Protection.

International organizations — Officials — Immunity — Exemption from taxation — Whether official can be regarded as taxpayer in receiving State — Loan made by international official to property company in receiving State — Whether interest paid to official deductible by company for tax purposes — Difference in treatment between diplomatic missions of foreign States to international organizations and officials of such organizations — Whether constituting inequality of treatment — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Article 34 — Application to international officials by analogy — The law of Switzerland

Human rights — Property — Family life — Discrimination — Extended concept of “family” — French Polynesia — Burial grounds — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Articles 2, 14, 17, 23, 26 and 27

Treaties — Reservations — French declaration under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 27 — Whether amounting to a reservation

Diplomatic relations — Diplomatic representatives — Ambassador — Relationship between ambassador and sending State — Authority of ambassador to bind sending State in dealings with third parties — Whether sending State automatically bound by all official acts of ambassador — Whether relationship between ambassador and sending State one of principal and agent — Whether relationship governed by agency laws of developed States — Apparent authority test — Antiguan ambassador to the United Nations — Obtaining bank loan and waiving Antiguan sovereign immunity without actual authority — Whether Antigua bound by actions of ambassador

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Waiver — Unauthorized waiver of sovereign immunity — Ambassador purporting to waive sovereign immunity of sending State — Whether waiver binding on sending State — Judgment in default — Grounds for setting aside judgment in default — Immunity from execution — Embassy bank account

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Authority to conclude treaties — Ambassadors — Scope of authority — Whether ambassador having authority to conclude treaty on behalf of sending State — Ambassador acting beyond scope of his authority — Whether treaty binding on sending State — The law of the United States

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and their property — Lease of building for use as embassy premises — Action for eviction upon expiry of lease — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — Whether nature or purpose of act decisive — Conditions for immunity from execution and attachment — Distinction between public and private assets — Waiver — Whether waiver of jurisdictional immunity constitutes waiver of immunity from execution or attachment — Whether agreement to the application of legislation involving waiver for the future prevents reliance on immunity in the event of a dispute — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Articles 1, 22 and 31 — Whether codification of existing rules of international law — The law of Greece

Treaties — Termination of — Contracts of International Loans — Force majeure — Impossibility of Performance.

Arbitration — Estoppel.

Permanent Court of International Justice — Jurisdiction of — Article 34 of the Statute — International Disputes of a Private Law Origin — Loans Floated by States — Rules of Private International Law — Examination of Municipal Law by the Permanent Court — Authority of Decisions of Municipal Courts — The Doctrine of Estoppel — Force majeure.

International Court of Justice — Jurisdiction — Provisional measures — Prima facie basis for jurisdiction — Declarations under Article 36(2) of Statute of International Court of Justice — Condition of reciprocity — Temporal limitation — Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948, Article IX — Whether threat or use of force against a State amounting to genocide — Whether necessary element of intent towards defined group — Whether Serbia and Montenegro party to the Genocide Convention at relevant date — Whether Genocide Convention a treaty in force under Article 35(2) of the Statute of the Court

Treaties — Application — Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948 — Definition of genocide contained in Article II of Genocide Convention — Whether intended destruction of a national, ethnical, racial or religious group — Whether threat or use of force against a State constituting an act of genocide

International organizations — United Nations — Membership — Yugoslavia — Status of Yugoslavia between 1992 and 2000 — Whether Member of the United Nations — Whether party to Statute of International Court of Justice — Whether Yugoslavia having access to Court under Article 35(1) of Statute — Whether Yugoslavia having access to Court under Article 35(2) of Statute

State succession — Succession and continuity of States — Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia — Whether Serbia and Montenegro continuation of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia — Membership of the United Nations — Whether Yugoslavia party to Statute of International Court of Justice — Treaty obligations of the former Yugoslavia

War and armed conflict — NATO bombing of Yugoslavia — NATO Respondent States claiming humanitarian intervention — Loss of life and suffering in Kosovo — Whether NATO Respondent States violating obligation not to use force — Maintenance of peace and security — Role of Security Council — Responsibilities of Court under United Nations Charter and Statute of Court — Obligations of Parties under Charter and other rules of international law including humanitarian law

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Employment dispute — Employee of embassy of foreign State-Locally recruited national of receiving State employed in administrative capacity — Claim for unfair dismissal — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Restrictive theory of immunity — Whether employment performed jure gestionis or jure imperii — Whether employment activity forming necessary part of functions of diplomatic mission

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Customary international law — Establishment of rules through State practice — State immunity — Restrictive theory of immunity — Scope of rule — The law of Portugal

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Waiver of immunity — Interpretation — Nature or purpose of activity — North Atlantic Treaty Status of Forces Agreement, 1951 — United States naval base — Employment of Canadian civilians — Certification proceedings — Whether commercial activity — Whether United States had waived immunity — Requirement of explicit waiver — The law of Canada

Extradition — Conditions of — Extraditable Offences — Criminal Nature of the Act according to the Law of the Requested State — The Law of Venezuela.

Expropriation — Of debt — Order to bank to pay to government sum equivalent to funds in private account — Whether amounting to expropriation of depositors’ assets — Whether payment of amount required discharges bank’s obligations to depositors — Situs of debt

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Act of State and non-justiciability — Principle that United States courts will not question validity of act of foreign State performed within jurisdiction of foreign State — Expropriation of debt — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — Executive — United States agents conducting search of Mexican national’s property in Mexico — Consent of Mexican authorities — Evidence obtained during search used in prosecution of Mexican national in United States — Whether Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution applicable to search of alien’s property in foreign State — Whether requirement to obtain warrant authorizing search practicable

Relationship of international law and municipal law — In general — International law restrictions upon the exercise of power by one State in the territory of another — Relationship to constitutional provisions in first State — The law of the United States

Belligerent Occupation — Nature and Effects of — Absence of Sovereignty of Occupant — United States Occupation of Island of Okinawa (Ryukyus Group of Islands) — Whether Occupied Territory a “Foreign Country”.

The individual in international law — Extradition — Conditions of extradition — Extraditable crimes — Principle of speciality applied in the courts of the requesting State — The law of England