Turkey's health reforms, which started in 2003, have led to increased access to health care and pharmaceuticals as well as rising public pharmaceutical expenditures. The need to improve healthcare decision making by implementing health technology assessment (HTA) has become an important priority for Turkey. This study sought to provide a tailor-made HTA implementation roadmap, drawing on insights from national stakeholders.

Our study aimed to describe the current HTA environment in Turkey and to explore long-term perspectives and suggestions from a wide spectrum of Turkish stakeholders regarding the preferred status of HTA in ten years (by 2029).

We conducted an online survey using a questionnaire previously applied in other HTA research. We assessed the current evaluation of medical and economic decision-making processes and examined the need for HTA. We also ascertained stakeholder perspectives on potential developments that can be done together with policymakers, representatives of pharmaceutical companies, and patient organizations. We also included general information about the pharmaceutical market and decision making processes in Turkey.

The survey was sent to various stakeholders from different areas within the health system. Additional face-to-face interviews were conducted with a few respondents to clarify some of their answers. A total of twenty-seven Turkish stakeholders completed the survey. Of these, twenty-one (78%) participants were employed in the public sector and six (22%) were from the private sector. The majority of the participants would introduce HTA for all new health technologies being considered for public reimbursement and institute an additional review process for currently reimbursed technologies. Most of the respondents considered that only new technologies with significant budget impact should be evaluated in the next ten years.

It is clear that Turkey needs to implement an HTA process in the future. Our study shows stakeholder expectations, which will be helpful for creating an HTA implementation roadmap, and it is clear that different stakeholders have different views and expectations about HTA implementation in Turkey. The experiences of other countries will also be helpful during the implementation process.

The Health and Family Welfare Department of the Government of Gujarat is implementing a program called Technology for Community Health Operation (TeCHO+) to address the state's priority health issues. This paper details the protocol for using health technology assessment to assess the impact of the TeCHO+ program on data quality, service delivery coverage, rates of morbidity and mortality, and cost effectiveness.

This mixed-method study will be conducted in five districts. Data will be validated in a phased manner over a three-year period, along with an assessment of key outcome indicators. Additionally, key informant interviews will be conducted and cost data will be gathered.

Early implementation of TeCHO+ has highlighted mixed impact at an operational level, with gaps in implementation. Despite some gaps in the available evidence, TeCHO+ solutions can significantly improve health service delivery through increased accuracy of data management, high-risk identification, and quality and accessibility of care. However, implementation challenges require even greater efforts to establish comprehensive systems for troubleshooting and corrective measures for improving data quality. Positive experiences encourage grassroots teams for continuing the use of TeCHO+.

TeCHO+ is expected to improve service coverage and reduce rates of morbidity and mortality by improving the population's nutritional status, the timeliness of care for high-risk cases, and the non-communicable disease profile of the community.

Although antipsychotic medications have been a cornerstone in the treatment of schizophrenia for decades worldwide, the orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) formulation is a new concept in China. Only four brand names exist in the Chinese market, three of which were launched recently. Patients taking ODTs have a higher rate of medication adherence and consequently experience better treatment outcomes than patients taking the same medication in standard oral tablet (SOT) formulation. This study aimed to analyze the cost effectiveness in China of aripiprazole in ODT form, compared with the SOT forms of aripiprazole and olanzapine.

A discrete-event simulation model was built to represent the one-year progression of schizophrenia. On entry into the model, 100,000 people for each treatment arm were labeled fully adherent, partially adherent, or non-adherent based on medication possession ratios, and then experienced events including relapse, adverse events, changing adherence levels, and treatment switching and quitting. Parameters for adherence rates, medical costs, and utility values were derived from the published literature. The switching pattern was acquired through interviews with fifty-seven Chinese psychiatrists.

The total annual costs per patient in the aripiprazole-ODT, aripiprazole-SOT, and olanzapine-SOT arms were CNY 9,817 (USD 1,388), CNY 15,278 (USD 2,160), and CNY 10,298 (USD 1,456), respectively. The annual quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained per patient in the aripiprazole-ODT, aripiprazole-SOT, and olanzapine-SOT arms were 0.73, 0.71, and 0.72, respectively. According to the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the probability of aripiprazole-ODT being cost effective was ninety-nine percent, when compared with aripiprazole-SOT and sixty-nine percent when compared with olanzapine-SOT.

Aripiprazole-ODT was associated with lower costs and higher gains in QALYs than either aripiprazole-SOT or olanzapine-SOT in patients with schizophrenia in China. While the sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the result that aripiprazole-ODT was better economic value than aripiprazole-SOT, there is some uncertainty in the comparison between aripiprazole-ODT and olanzapine-SOT. The main limitation of this study is that some parameters were sourced from studies on Western populations because of a lack of data in China. Local data on the use of antipsychotics, especially adherence rates, is needed.

A national multi-stakeholder charity fund has been established in Singapore to provide targeted support to patients with rare genetic diseases whose treatment costs remain unaffordable despite government subsidies and insurance. This presentation will provide an overview of the evaluation, price-setting, and stakeholder engagement processes established to inform the first list of drugs eligible for funding under the Rare Disease Fund (RDF).

The local prevalence of “rare” and “ultra-rare” conditions was defined in line with international rates (≤4 in 10,000 and <2 in 50,000, respectively) to facilitate an analysis of the rare disease landscape in Singapore, and to identify patients most likely to benefit from the RDF. Public healthcare institutions proposed drugs for consideration, which underwent technical evaluation and were then assessed in line with eligibility criteria by an expert clinical group and prioritized by decision makers for funding.

The number of patients with select rare diseases in Singapore was lower than global estimates contextualized to the local setting. Supporting clinical evidence, funding decisions from overseas health technology assessment agencies, reference pricing considerations, and local budget impact analyses informed the first tranche of drugs (n = 5) recommended. Extensive engagement with pharmaceutical companies was needed to negotiate fair drug prices relative to overseas countries. Additional treatments will be included in the RDF once sufficient funds are raised.

As the evaluation process evolves, wider considerations of disease and treatment experiences from a multi-stakeholder standpoint should be included to inform RDF listings. There is also a need to balance the sustainability of the fund in the longer term with the number of emerging treatments that may require coverage in the future.

The modalities of telemedicine that have been developed and applied so far by the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging at the National University of Asunción (IICS-UNA) are as follows: (i) telediagnosis: the remote sending of data, signals, and images for diagnostic purposes; (ii) general telediagnostic imaging; (iii) telemonitoring (including telemetry): remote monitoring of vital parameters to provide automatic or semi-automatic surveillance or alarm services in emergencies, epidemiology, or tele-public health; and (iv) tele-education: the use of telematic networks to provide virtual platforms for educating and training health professionals.

We conducted a comprehensive review of the scientific works developed by the IICS-UNA in order to evaluate the systematic implementation of Telemedicine in Paraguay. Documents, pilot projects (satellite telegraphy), telediagnostic research, telematics, tele-education, published articles, and statistical data (number of patients attending or studies performed, etcetera) relating to the implementation of the National Telemedicine System by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare since 1999 were reviewed.

Implementation of the telemedicine system has meant that 472,038 patients have attended referral centers nationwide, with 297,999 electrocardiographs, 165,323 computed tomography scans, and 8,697 electroencephalograms being conducted. Projects developed within the framework of the Telemedicine Research Line have included the following:

1. (i) Development and validation of a clinical telemicroscopy system based on cellular telephony;

2. (ii) Implementation of a telemetry system for temperature monitoring of the collection of biological samples from a biomedical research center; and

3. (iii) Production and development of a virtual campus at the National University of Asunción.

Given the current healthcare environment, developing a line of research based on telemedicine is a proactive step, since telemedicine provides an alternative solution to the problem of access to the health system. That is why the IICS-UNA Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Department has developed telemedicine as one of its main lines of research.

Digital medication health service (DMHS) platforms are increasingly used by pharmaceutical companies to provide direct medication health services through digital methods like apps, hotlines, and web services, etcetera. However, the implications of such platforms in supporting health technology assessment (HTA) are rarely discussed in the literature. This presentation sets out the opportunities for using the DMHS platforms of pharmaceutical companies as real-world data sources for HTA.

A mixed-method qualitative study combining literature review and case study was conducted. Relevant literature was identified by searching the Web of Science and PubMed databases. A case study on current DMHS platforms in China was carried out using an inductive approach to identify the key elements emerging from these platforms.

DMHS platforms of pharmaceutical companies can identify multiple attributes of medication information needs regarding medical products, including effectiveness, safety, and economic factors. The platforms can respond to different stakeholders, including patients and their carers, doctors, nurses, pharmacists, etcetera. As one kind of interactive process, DMHS platforms can provide further services, including patient education, consultation, and evaluation, follow-up visits, chronic disease management, promotion of the rational use of drugs, therapeutic drug monitoring, and adverse drug reaction surveillance and reporting.

The DMHS platforms of pharmaceutical companies provide a unique and valuable real-world data source for HTA. These types of self-reported outcomes have not gained enough attention in HTA. Collective efforts by HTA agencies and pharmaceutical companies are needed to set strategies for integrating DMHS platforms into HTA.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the major diseases threatening the health of Chinese residents. Insufficient glycemic control results in inevitable and sometimes irreversible complications. The condition can be more complicated for patients with comorbidities. To maintain appropriate glycemic control, patients may need to add or switch to different classes of drugs as the disease progresses. The complicated drug treatment for diabetes poses a high risk for drug-drug interactions and challenges patient compliance, which is the most important factor affecting the ability to achieve glycemic control. In addition, T2DM is a life-long disease that is associated with a heavy economic burden for patients’ families and for society. Therefore, this paper aims to characterize the complexity of prescribed medications used to treat T2DM and to assess the trends in the number of complications, medications used, and costs incurred among these patients.

Data were retrieved from two tertiary hospitals. The population consisted of patients receiving at least one diagnosis of diabetes (International Classification of Diseases-10 codes: E11, E12, E13, and E14) between October 2007 and May 2017. Three measures were assessed, including the number of patients with different complications, concomitant drug use, and costs. Patients with a short disease duration (< 5 years) were compared with patients who had a longer disease duration (≥ 5 years).

Of 31,071 patients, about half of those with a longer disease duration had at least five concomitant diseases, compared with nine percent of patients with a shorter disease duration. The maximum number of concomitant diseases was nine for both disease duration groups. Patients with longer disease duration were more likely to use multiple classes of drugs, compared with patients in the short disease duration group. The average annual medical costs for patients without concomitant disease was CNY 1,894 (USD 265).

Overall, the results demonstrated that T2DM is a relatively complex disease. Firstly, patients have up to nine concomitant diseases and use twenty-two classes of drugs. Secondly, patients with more complications tended to use more medications. Thirdly, patients with a longer disease duration tend to have a higher number of concomitant diseases, use more classes of drugs, and have higher medical costs than patients with a shorter disease duration.

No studies have directly compared the effectiveness and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), with or without a history of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). This is important for two reasons: first, previous research reports important differences between DOACs and warfarin across other patient subgroups, and second, patients with previous stroke or TIA have a high risk of recurrent stroke.

Using 2012–2014 Medicare claims data, we identified patients newly diagnosed with AF in 2013–014 who started taking apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or warfarin. We categorized the patients according to whether they had a history of stroke or TIA. We constructed Cox proportional hazard models that included indicator variables for treatment groups, a history of stroke or TIA, and the interaction between them, and controlled for demographic and clinical characteristics.

The hazard ratio (HR) for stroke with dabigatran, compared with warfarin, was 0.64 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.48–0.85) for patients with a history of stroke or TIA and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.75–1.16) for patients without a history of stroke or TIA (p-value for interaction = 0.034). In patients with previous stroke or TIA, the risk of stroke was lower with dabigatran (HR 0.64, 95% CI: 0.48–0.85) and rivaroxaban (HR 0.70, 95%CI: 0.56–0.87), compared with apixaban, but there was no difference for patients in the other subgroup.

DOACs were generally more effective than warfarin for preventing stroke. The superiority of dabigatran was more pronounced in patients with a history of stroke or TIA. The comparative effectiveness of DOACs differed substantially between patients with and without a history of stroke or TIA; specifically, apixaban was less effective in patients with a history of stroke or TIA. Our results reinforce the need to tailor anticoagulation to patient characteristics and to support the investigation of the underlying mechanisms associated with DOACs.

Nutrition is critical to the oral health of the individual. From gestation through to end of life, nutrition influences the integrity and function of the dentition and supporting oral structures and has a direct effect on health in general. According to the World Health Organization, diet has an important role in the prevention of oral diseases such as dental caries, dental erosion, defects in oral development, diseases of the oral mucosa, and periodontal disease.

A study was conducted to assess the oral health status and food consumption patterns of students attending the Rotary School and College at Mirpur-14, Dhaka on November 2018. Consent was provided by the school headmaster and guardians. A purposive sample of seventy students was taken. A semi-structured questionnaire and checklist was developed in the English and Bengali languages. Data were presented in simple frequency tables.

Among the respondents the following eating habits were reported:

1. (i) Thirty-one percent drank milk and twenty-eight percent consumed chocolate four to six times per week;

2. (ii) Forty-three percent consumed fast food least seven times per week; and

3. (iii) Forty-two percent ate vegetables and thirty-four percent ate fruits one to three times per week.

The relationship between oral health, dietary practices, nutritional status, and general health is complex, with many interrelated factors. To help children develop healthy eating patterns from an early age, it is important that the food and eating patterns to which they are exposed, both inside and outside the home, promote positive attitudes to good nutrition.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are highly prevalent among aging men. However, the rate of coexistence of these two conditions in China is still unclear, especially among men aged 45 to 60 years. Instruments such as the abbreviated five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) and the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) can be used to determine the presence of ED and the symptoms and severity of BPH, respectively. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of ED in men with BPH and to assess its impact on the quality of life (QoL) of these patients.

Between October 2018 and March 2019 we enrolled 650 patients aged 45 to 65 years who were diagnosed with BPH by a urologist in nine first- and second-tier cities in China. Information on patients’ demographics, lifestyle, comorbidities, and medication use was collected through an electronic clinical outcome assessment tool. Patients with an IIEF-5 score of less than twenty-two were considered to have ED. The IPSS and the five-level EuroQol questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) were used to assess BPH severity and overall health-related QoL.

We enrolled 650 patients with BPH. Of these, only the 607 men who reported sexual intercourse attempts (mean age of 56.6 years, standard deviation 5.5) were included in the analysis because it was assumed that the other patients did not have ED. Signs of ED were present in ninety-seven percent of patients (IIEF-5 score < 22), and eighty-four percent had at least mild to moderate impairment (IIEF score < 17). Up to nineteen percent reported having physician-diagnosed ED previously, and twenty-eight percent had used medication for ED in the past six months. Compared to men without ED, those with ED and BPH had higher IPSS scores (13.2 versus 6.7, p < 0.05) and lower EQ-5D-5L scores (0.90 versus 0.97, p < 0.05).

Although the prevalence of ED in men with BPH in China is high, it is still underdiagnosed and undertreated. Co-existing ED in patients with BPH is associated with more severe BPH symptoms and lower quality of life.

Laminar flow cabinets (LFC) are designed to maintain an area free of particles and contaminants that could damage the environment during the preparation of sensitive materials. Several regulations detail the types and frequency of tests that must be performed to ensure the proper functioning of LFCs. The objective of this work was to evaluate the operational and functional status of LFCs.

A descriptive study was carried out in which three tests were selected for evaluating LFCs: the high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter integrity test; the air speed and uniformity test; and the general physical verification test. In selecting these tests, we relied on recommendations established in international standards and the manufacturers’ technical manuals.

During testing it was possible to verify the existence of leaks in the periphery of the HEPA filters due to a mismatch in their assembly, as well as a poor seal in the side panels of the cabinet through which particles were entering the work area. It was also discovered that the equipment lighting system (fluorescent tubes) was inadequate.

The use of these tests was very important for detecting certain faults in the equipment, which allowed us to introduce corrective actions to maintain sterile conditions in the cabinet. It is recommended to include these tests in the maintenance regimen of LFCs to pre-empt future failures.

Guiding and motivating doctors' attitudes and behaviors in the public welfare of public hospitals is the key to promoting medical reform. This study explored the correlation between the hospital responsibilities perceived by physicians and their medical professionalism practices in Chinese public hospitals, and the moderating effects of variables such as sex, hospital level, working period, department, and reason for career choice on the correlation model.

A pre-developed, reliable, and valid scale for the physicians’ psychological contract was developed. Survey data from 123 public hospitals in three provinces in the east, central, and west areas of China were analyzed. The authors constructed and tested the correlation mechanism model and then analyzed the effects of particular variables.

The fulfillment of hospital ideological responsibility has a significant positive effect on physicians' medical professionalism practices, with occupational satisfaction mediating the effect. In addition, hospital transactional, developmental, and relational responsibility can improve physicians’ medical professionalism practices through fairness perception and work pleasure. Hospital level, working period, department, and reason for career choice had a moderating effect on the correlation mechanism model, with the effects varying between different paths.

The fulfillment of hospital responsibilities can have a positive effect on physicians’ practices of medical professionalism, especially in the domain of ideological responsibility where the largest and most direct impact was observed. Furthermore, the results suggested that hospital administrators need to consider the differences between various types of physicians in order to improve the effects of guidance and motivation in these health professionals.

Guiding and motivating doctors' attitudes and behaviors in the public welfare of public hospitals is the key to promoting medical reform. This study explored the correlation between the hospital responsibilities perceived by physicians and their turnover intention in Chinese public hospitals, as well as the moderating effects of variables such as sex, hospital level, working period, department, and reason for career choice on the correlation models.

A pre-developed, reliable, and valid scale for the physicians’ psychological contract was developed. Survey data from 123 public hospitals in three provinces in the east, central, and west areas of China were analyzed. The authors constructed and tested the correlation mechanism model and then analyzed the effects of particular variables.

The fulfillment of hospital transactional and developmental responsibility had a significant negative effect on the intent of physicians to leave the hospital and front-line clinical practice, respectively. Working pleasure, fairness perception, and occupational satisfaction were mediator variables in the impact. In addition, hospital level, working period, department, and reason for career choice had a moderating effect on the correlation mechanism model, with the effects varying between different paths.

The fulfillment of hospital transactional responsibility had a more negative effect on the intent of physicians to leave the hospital than other responsibilities, whereas fulfillment of hospital developmental responsibility had a more negative impact on the intent of physicians to leave front-line clinical practice. Furthermore, the results suggested that hospital administrators need to consider the differences between various types of physicians in order to improve the effects of guidance and motivation in these health professionals.

Decision making in publicly funded healthcare systems must rely on patient-relevant outcomes that directly measure clinical benefit, such as overall survival and quality of life (QoL). However, studies that support market authorization of oncology drugs usually assess surrogate outcomes, without having previously demonstrated that these intermediate outcomes reliably predict clinical outcomes. As part of an HTA process, we evaluated the clinical benefit of osimertinib, compared with platinum-pemetrexed combination chemotherapy, in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M mutation-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that has progressed after first-line EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy.

We conducted a systematic search of the PubMed database for randomized controlled trials (RCT) published from inception to January 2019. The clinical outcomes of interest were overall survival and QoL. Where trials reported surrogate outcomes, we conducted additional PubMed searches for evidence of validity for predicting clinical outcomes and used guidance on surrogate outcome validation in oncology from the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care.

Evidence on osimertinib, compared with chemotherapy, for patients with T790M-positive advanced NSCLC that has progressed after EGFR-TKI therapy was obtained from the AURA3 trial. In this study, overall survival data were immature and the results for QoL and symptom domains were not clinically meaningful. In addition, median progression-free survival (PFS) was six months longer for osimertinib than for chemotherapy. However, to date, no study has demonstrated that PFS reliably predicts longer survival or better QoL.

Our HTA suggested that, unless proven, PFS should not be used as a valid surrogate outcome for decision making in public health. For example, the results of the AURA3 trial showed that osimertinib has an effect on the surrogate outcome of PFS in patients with EGFR T790M-positive advanced NSCLC that has progressed after first-line EGFR-TKI therapy, but not on the clinically relevant outcomes of overall survival and QoL. Furthermore, currently available evidence has failed to prove that PFS reliably predicts outcomes that are clinically relevant. Despite this, osimertinib has been given marketing authorization and is widely recommended in clinical guidelines.

Epigenetics is an innovative discipline that aims to provide biomarkers to aid in early diagnosis, patient risk classification, or outcome prediction. The identification of therapeutic targets is of particular interest in cancer therapy for selecting groups of patients who may benefit most from an intervention. Understanding the relationships between the immune system and tumor cells has led to new immunotherapy-based therapies that provide a promising alternative to conventional cancer therapies. The aim of this study was to conduct an early assessment of a novel epigenetic signature (EPIMMUNE) that could predict response to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor immunotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

We identified the novel epigenetic signature EPIMMUNE through the Early Awareness and Alert System, “SINTESIS-new technologies” of the Agencia de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias in Spain (AETS-ISCIII). A literature search of PubMed, Embase, the Web of Science, the Trip database, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, ClinicalTrials.gov, The Cochrane Library, and the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination databases was conducted. Clinical studies on EPIMMUNE published in English or Spanish up to August 2019 were reviewed.

Only one retrospective study was found. Identification of EPIMMUNE was accomplished through interrogation of the DNA methylation status of CpG sites in 142 samples from adult patients with NSCLC who were treated with PD-1 inhibitors. EPIMMUNE was defined by 301 CpG sites whose methylation status was significantly associated with clinical response (progression-free and overall survival). No studies assessing the long-term clinical utility, impact on therapeutic decision making, or economic implications of EPIMMUNE were found.

The EPIMMUNE signature could provide an accurate and valid biomarker for identifying patients with NSCLC who may benefit from treatment with PD-1 inhibitors. However, the technology is under development, and there is only a single study on detecting the EPIMMUNE epigenetic profile and identifying the DNA methylation profiles associated with increased survival after PD-1 inhibitor therapy. More diagnostic accuracy studies and prospective, long-term trials are needed to evaluate the clinical impact this technology may have on therapeutic decision making. Given the limited evidence available, further research is needed before the technology can be disseminated.

Partial nephrectomy is recommended over radical nephrectomy for the surgical treatment of patients with stage cT1 renal cancer in multiple guidelines. The objective of this study is to examine the cost effectiveness of robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN), compared with open radical nephrectomy (ORN) or laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN), for treating stage cT1 renal cancer in Korea.

A Markov model was applied in patients with cT1 renal cancer that consisted of the following six health states: post-surgery, normal, chronic kidney disease (CKD), dialysis, death from renal failure, and natural death. Utilities and transition probabilities were obtained from systematic literature reviews. Costs were obtained from the current Korean National Health Insurance fee schedule, the Korean medical literature, and 2016 Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service inpatient claims data. Univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to check for uncertainty.

RAPN was the dominant treatment, costing KRW 2.1 to 3.6 million (USD 1,700 to 2,900) less than the comparators while providing 0.45 to 0.61 more utility. Univariate sensitivity analysis showed that the most sensitive parameter was the relative risk reduction of CKD after partial nephrectomy. The sensitivity analysis also showed that the acceptability of RAPN at a cost-effectiveness threshold of KRW 30.5 million was high relative to both comparators (85.9% against LRN and 78.9% against ORN).

Though there might be uncertainties in non-Korean utility data and some transition probabilities derived from Japanese data, the current study suggested that partial nephrectomy is a more cost-effective option than ORN or LRN in Korea for patients with stage cT1 renal cancer.

Endometrial and ovarian cancer are the first and second leading causes of death from gynecological cancer in Spain. Survival is generally determined by stage at diagnosis, but there is no test currently used for early detection of both tumor types. PapSEEK is a test developed to diagnose endometrial and ovarian cancer by detecting aneuploidies and somatic mutations commonly associated with both tumor types through DNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) of liquid from Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) samples. The objective of this work was to assess the effectiveness and safety of PapSEEK.

PapSEEK was identified by the Early Awareness and Alert System, “SINTESIS-new technologies”, of the Agencia de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias in Spain (AETS-ISCIII). An early assessment of the technology was conducted through a literature search of the following databases: PubMed, Embase, the Web of Science, the Trip database, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, ClinicalTrials.gov, and The Cochrane Library. Clinical studies on the effectiveness and safety of PapSEEK published up to February 2019 were reviewed.

The evidence comprised proof of concept and diagnostic accuracy studies, which showed good preliminary results regarding the accuracy of the test for diagnosing endometrial cancer (sensitivity ranged from 0.81 to 0.93), but not for ovarian cancer (sensitivity ranged from 0.33 to 0.45). The specificity for both tumor types ranged from 0.99 to 1.00. Since PapSEEK uses a sampling method that is routinely used in clinical practice (the Pap smear), no evidence was found in the literature on the safety of the test.

PapSEEK is a novel technology developed to diagnose endometrial and ovarian cancer by means of DNA-NGS of Pap smear samples. The identified studies showed good preliminary results regarding the ability of the test to diagnose endometrial cancer, but not ovarian cancer. PapSEEK may be useful as a screening tool for endometrial cancer. However, further research on PapSEEK is needed to prospectively evaluate its diagnostic accuracy, compare it with current tests used in the early diagnosis of both cancer types, evaluate its effect on patient survival and disease progression, and measure its economic impact.

Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) is a minimally invasive therapeutic option for stage IV or terminal stage peritoneal carcinomatosis, which has a very low survival rate. PIPAC is aimed at patients whose only therapeutic alternative is systemic chemotherapy because they are unable to undergo other treatments, such as cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. PIPAC consists of a micro-pump connected to a double-contrast injector, which is used to apply cytotoxic agents laparoscopically using pressurized aerosols. The objective of this study was to update the evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of PIPAC.

A systematic review (SR) was conducted by searching PubMed, Embase, and The Cochrane Library database. ClinicalTrials.gov and the European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials Database were consulted to identify registered clinical studies. All articles published up to April 2019 were considered for inclusion. Abstracts, letters, single case studies, non-clinical and animal studies, and studies published in languages other than English or Spanish were excluded. Validated checklists were used to assess the quality of the included studies.

Seventeen studies were included (three SRs and fourteen cases series) and eighteen ongoing clinical trials were identified. The quality of the SRs and cases series studies was low and moderate, respectively. Adverse events were categorized according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events as grade 1–2 (mild-moderate: 11% to 40% of patients) and grade 3–4 (severe-fatal: 0% to 37% of patients). Overall complete histological regression according to the Peritoneal Regression Grading Score and the Peritoneal Cancer Index occurred in at least sixty percent of patients. The survival time ranged from 11 to 16 months.

Effectiveness data for PIPAC were promising, with high carcinomatosis regression rates. Most studies showed a moderate safety profile, with generally mild to moderate complications (nausea, abdominal pain, and vomiting). This is an advantage over systemic chemotherapy, which has severe systemic side effects. Economic evaluation studies are needed to estimate the cost effectiveness and cost utility of this technology. Diffusion of PIPAC is expected, but the criteria used to select patients in the studies carried out so far must be considered, as well as the need to follow strict safety protocols for preventing leakage of aerosolized cytotoxic drugs.

The case-mix method involves combining cases with similar complexities and medical services. The process of treating one episode of the disease and receiving treatment is the research unit, thus achieving different medical units. The feasibility of the calculation method is verified by calculating the public hospital consumption ratio, medical income, health materials expenditure indicators, and the differences between the various types of surgical combinations. A decision-making basis can then be provided for the creation of government indicator standards.

Medical records and data on the expenditure of medical consumables for the first and fourth quarters of 2017 were collected from seven third-class provincial hospitals. The medical consumption ratio for different diseases and surgical methods was calculated for the case-mix groups using a weighting method. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and the independent samples t-test.

There were significant differences in the proportions of combined use for different types of diseases. The same combination also had significant differences between different hospitals. In the fourth quarter of 2017, the operating group's consumption ratio was significantly lower than in the first quarter (p = 0.000).

It is reasonable to calculate the proportion of consumption by combined weighted analysis, which is also fairer for hospitals with better technical levels. This calculation method can be used by governments to manage the use and cost of medical consumables in hospitals.

Reimbursement agencies are increasingly using patient preference data to evaluate health technologies. Discrete choice experiments (DCE) are commonly used to elicit patient preferences, but they require large sample sizes to obtain meaningful results. For this reason, it is often not possible to use DCE to elicit patient preferences in rare diseases. This study assessed a swing weighting method for eliciting preferences from a small sample: patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) in the United States (US) and China.

Attributes and levels were selected based on a review of clinical studies and qualitative research on patients. Computer-assisted, interview-based swing weighting exercises were piloted in a focus group with five participants each from the US and China. Preferences were then elicited in interviews with twenty-five patients in the US and fifteen patients in China. Consistency tests were used to assess internal validity. Qualitative data were collected on the reasons for patients’ preferences.

Preference consistency: The weights for one attribute were elicited twice. The difference between initial and consistency test weights was not statistically significant (p < 0.1), although this may partly reflect the small sample sizes. Trade-offs: Qualitative data were used to demonstrate the validity of interpreting participants’ ratings as trade-offs. Using the partial value function for end-stage renal disease as an example, qualitative data demonstrated that patients were able to provide face-valid reasons for different shaped, non-linear preference functions. Robustness of treatment evaluation: Three hypothetical treatment profiles (using the attribute swings) were constructed. Preferences for these treatment profiles were robust to variations in patients’ preferences; all patients preferred one specific profile. This finding was not sensitive to changes in weights.

This study supports the feasibility of collecting valid and robust preference data from small groups of patients using swing weighting. Further work could be done to test the performance of swing weighting in larger sample sizes.