¹ Hourani, Albert, A History of the Arab Peoples (London: Faber & Faber, 2015), 179–88Google Scholar.

² Burke, Edmund III, “Theorizing the Histories of Colonialism and Nationalism in the Arab Maghrib,” in Beyond Colonialism and Nationalism in the Maghrib: History, Culture, and Politics, ed. Ahmida, Ali (New York: Palgrave, 2000), 17Google Scholar.

³ Some of the standard works on Algerian nationalism are: Kaddache, Mahfoud, Histoire du nationalisme algérien (Paris: Paris-Méditerranée, 2003)Google Scholar; Harbi, Mohammed, Aux origines du FLN: La scission du PPA/MTLD (Éditions Bouchène, Paris-Alger, 2003)Google Scholar; Carlier, Omar, Entre nation et jihad: Histoire sociale des radicalismes algériens (Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1995)Google Scholar. See also the recent and more critical: McDougall, James, History and the Culture of Nationalism in Algeria (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006)Google Scholar and Rahal, Malika, L'UDMA et les Udmistes. Contribution à l'histoire du nationalisme algérien (Alger: Éditions Barzakh, 2017)Google Scholar.

For an introduction to Tunisian nationalism, see: Mahjoubi, Ali, Les origines du mouvement national en Tunisie (1904–1934) (Tunis: Université de Tunis, 1982)Google Scholar; Kraiem, Mustapha, Mouvement national et front populaire: La Tunisie des années trente (Tunis: Institut supérieur d'histoire du mouvement national/Université Tunis 1, 1996)Google Scholar; Actes du V colloque international sur la Tunisie de l'après-Guerre, 1945–1950 (26, 27 et 28 Mai 1989) (Tunis: Institut supérieur d'histoire du mouvement national, 1991); Actes du XIIIème colloque international sur le thème: L'indépendance de la Tunisie et les processus de libération dans le monde colonial (Tunis: Institut supérieur d'histoire du mouvement national, 2010). On the relationship between the Tunisian nationalist movement and trade unions, see: Hamida, Abdesslem Ben, Le syndicalisme tunisien de la deuxième guerre mondiale à l'autonomie interne (Tunis: Université de Tunis 1, Faculté des sciences humaines et sociales, 1989)Google Scholar; Hamida, Abdesslem Ben, Capitalisme et syndicalisme en Tunisie de 1924 à 1956 (Tunis: Université de Tunis, Faculté des sciences humaines et sociales, 2003)Google Scholar; Tabbabi, Hafiz, Muhammad ʿAli al-Hami, 1890–1928 (Tunis: al-Maʿhad al-Aʿla li-Tarikh al-Haraka al-Wataniyya, 2005)Google Scholar.

The literature on Moroccan nationalism is particularly outdated: Rézette, Robert, Les partis politiques marocains (Paris: Armand Colin, 1955)Google Scholar; Bernard, Stéphane, Le conflit franco-marocain: 1943–1956 (Bruxelles: Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut De Sociologie, 1963)Google Scholar; Halstead, John P., Rebirth of a Nation: The Origins and Rise of Moroccan Nationalism, 1912–1944 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967)Google Scholar. These works are complemented by detailed historical accounts written by former nationalists: al-Qadiri, Abu Bakr, Mudhakarati fi al-Haraka al-Wataniyya al-Maghribiyya: 1941–1945 (Casablanca: Matbaʿat al-Najah al-Jadida, 1997)Google Scholar; ʿAllal al-Fasi, Al-Harakat al-Istiqlaliyya fi al-Maghrib al-ʿArabi (Cairo: Maktab al-Maghrib al-ʿArabi, 1948); ʿAbd al-Karim Ghallab, Tarikh al-Harakat al-Wataniyya bi-l-Maghrib (Casablanca, Morocco: Matbaʿat al-Najah al-Jadida, 2000).

With regard to Libya, the small amount of existing scholarship focuses primarily on anticolonial resistance as well as modern state-formation: Adrian Pelt, Libyan Independence and the United Nations, a Case of Planned Decolonization (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1970); E. G. H. Joffé and K. S. McLachlan, eds., Social and Economic Development of Libya (London: Middle East and North African Studies Press, 1982); Lisa Anderson, The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830–1980 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986); Rachel Simon, Libya between Ottomanism and Nationalism: The Ottoman Involvement in Libya during the War with Italy (1911–1919) (Berlin: K. Schwarz, 1987); Ali Abdullatif Ahmida, The Making of Modern Libya: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance, 1830–1932 (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1994); Dirk J. Vandewalle, History of Modern Libya (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006); Ronald Bruce St. John, Libya: From Colony to Revolution (Oxford: Oneworld, 2017); Katrina Yeaw, “Women, Resistance and the Creation of New Gendered Frontiers in the Making of Modern Libya, 1890–1980” (PhD diss., Georgetown University, 2018). The most detailed introduction to Libyan nationalism can be found in Anna Baldinetti, The Origins of the Libyan Nation: Colonial Legacy, Exile and the Emergence of a New Nation-State (London: Routledge, 2013).

⁴ Noteworthy attempts starting this process can be found in Amal N. Ghazal, Islamic Reform and Arab Nationalism: Expanding the Crescent from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean (1802–1930s) (New York: Routledge, 2010); Peter Wien, Arab Nationalism: The Politics of History and Culture in the Modern Middle East (New York: Routledge, 2017), ch. 5.

⁵ Adas, Michael, “Contested Hegemony: The Great War and the Afro-Asian Assault on the Civilizing Mission Ideology,” Journal of World History 15, no. 1 (2004): 31–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶ Aydin, Cemil, The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), ch. 6CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁸ Manela, Erez, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 138–40Google Scholar; Boyce, Robert, The Great Interwar Crisis and the Collapse of Globalization (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹ Berque, Jacques, French North Africa: The Maghrib between Two World Wars (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967)Google Scholar.

¹⁰ de Madariaga, María Rosa, Marruecos, ese gran desconocido: Breve historia del Protectorade español (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2013), ch. 5Google Scholar.

¹¹ For the stages of anticolonialism, see: Ranger, T.O., “Connexions between ‘Primary Resistance’ Movements and Modern Mass Nationalism in East and Central Africa: Parts I and II,” Journal of African History 9 (1968): 437–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 631–41; and Barraclough, Geoffrey, “The Revolt against the West,” in An Introduction to Contemporary History (London: Harmondsworth, 1973), 153–98Google Scholar.

¹² Thomas, Martin, Fight or Flight: Britain, France, and their Roads from Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), ch. 1Google Scholar. See also Betts, Raymond F., Decolonization (New York: Routledge, 2004), ch. 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³ Muhammad b. ʿAzzuz Hakim, Ab al-Haraka al-Wataniyya al-Maghribiyya al-Hajj ʿAbd al-Salam Binnuna: Hayatuhu wa Nidaluhu, vol. I (Rabat: Matbaʿat al-Sahil, 1987), 177–225.

¹⁴ Stenner, David, “Centring the Periphery: Northern Morocco as a Hub of Transnational Anti-Colonial Activism, 1930–43” Journal of Global History 11, no. 3 (2016): 430–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁶ Muhammad ʿIzzat Darwaza, Mudhakkirat Muhammad ʿIzzat Darwaza, 1305 H-1404 H/1887 M-1984 M, vol. I (Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami, 1993), 537. For a study of the Najah School as a center of reformist Palestinian nationalism, see Schneider, Suzanne, Mandatory Separation: Religion, Education, and Mass Politics in Palestine (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018), 145–59Google Scholar.

¹⁷ Letter from Mehdi to Tayeb Bennouna, 15 September 1944, Mehdi Bennouna File Vol. I, Bennouna Family Archive (BFA), Tetouan, Morocco.

¹⁸ Stenner, David, Globalizing Morocco: Transnational Activism and the Postcolonial State (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019), ch. 4Google Scholar.

¹⁹ ʿAbbud, Mʾhammad Bin, Murasalat al-Shahid Mʾhammad Ahmad bin ʿAbbud, 1946–1949. (Tetouan: Matbaʿat Titwan, 2016)Google Scholar; Khatib, Toumader, Culture et politique dans le mouvement nationaliste marocain au Machreq (Tetouan: Association Tetouan-Asmir, 1996)Google Scholar.

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²² Documents saisis dans les bagages de Mehdi Bennouna: lettre du 23 Octobre 1951, 1MA/282/56, Centre des Archives diplomatiques, Nantes, France.

²³ Calderwood, Eric, Colonial al-Andalus: Spain and the Making of Modern Moroccan Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018), 164CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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