Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T05:47:49.817Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Emergence of Class in a Tunisian Town1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2009

Nicholas S. Hopkins
Nicholas S. Hopkins
Affiliation:
American University in Cairo
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Anthropological interest in the concept of “class” and in the constellation of related concepts such as class consciousness and class conflict has increased in recent years as part of the upsurge of interest in ideas drawn from the Marxist tradition to analyze and interpret societies that anthropologists have conventionally been interested in. Yet much of this research and thinking has focused on the relevance of the different modes of production for an understanding of cultural history or, more recently, on analyses derived from dependency theory suggesting a global application of the notions of class and class conflict. Both these approaches neglect the usefulness of notions of class derived from the Marxist tradition for providing frameworks for the gathering of anthropological field data or for its analysis. It is true that work in cultural ecology and economic anthropology has frequently had a materialist bias, but it has rarely gone beyond an emphasis on the links of causality running from material factors to the superstructure to a test of the concepts of the Marxist tradition as a model increasing our understanding of the ebb and flow of human life. Even rarer has been the use of anthropological field data to evaluate and refine the concepts themselves.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Journal of Middle East Studies , Volume 8 , Issue 4 , October 1977 , pp. 453 - 491
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1977

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abu-Zahra, Nadia M. 1972 “Inequality of descent and egalitarianism of the new national organizations in a Tunisian village” in Antoun, Richard and Harik, Iliya, eds., Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East. Bloomington. Indiana University Press. Pp. 267–286.Google Scholar
Abu-Zahra, Nadia M. 1974 “Material power, honour, friendship and the etiquette of visiting” in Anthropological Quarterly, 47(1): 120–138.Google Scholar
Althusser, Louis 1971 “Ideology and ideological state apparatuses (notes towards an investigation)” in Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. London and New York: Monthly Review Press. Pp. 127–186.Google Scholar
Amin, Samir 1972 “Underdevelopment and dependence in Black Africa: Origins and contemporary forms” in Journal of Modern African Studies, 10(4): 503–524.Google Scholar
Amin, Samir 1974 “Accumulation and development: A theoretical model” in Review of African Political Economy, 1:9–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asad, Talal 1970 The Kababish Arabs: Power, Authority and Consent in a Nomadic Tribe. New York, Praeger.Google Scholar
Aswad, Barbara 1971 Property Control and Social Strategies: Settlers on a Middle Eastern Plain. Anthropological Papers n° 44. Ann Arbor, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Attia, Habib 1966 “Révolution des structures sociales et économiques dans les Hautes Steppes,” Révue Tunisiènne de Sciènces Sociales 6:5–38.Google Scholar
Baer, Gabriel 1969 Studies in the Social History of Modern Egypt. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bardin, Paul 1965 La vie d'un douar. The Hague and Paris, Mouton.Google Scholar
Barth, Fredrik 1959 Political Leadership among the Swat Pathans. LSE Monographs on Social Anthropology 19. London, Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Barth, Fredrik 1961 Nomads of South Persia. Oslo, Oslo University Press.Google Scholar
Bendix, Reinhard, and Lipset, Seymour Martin 1966 “Karl Marx's theory of social classes” in Class, Status and Power: Social Stratification in Contemporary Perspective (2d ed.). New York, Free Press.Google Scholar
Ben, Salem Lilia 1971 “L'encadrement des unités de production agricole,” Révue Tunisiènne de Sciènces Sociales 26:115–162.Google Scholar
Ben, Salem Lilia 1976 “Centralization and decentralization of decision-making in an experience of agricultural cooperation,” in Popular participation in Social Change: Cooperatives, Collectives and Nationalised Industry, eds. Nash, J., Dandler, J., and Hopkins, N. S.. The Hague, Mouton.Google Scholar
Berque, Jacques 1955 Structures sociales du haut atlas. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Berque, Jacques 1970 Le Maghreb entre deux Guerres. Paris, Editions du Seuil.Google Scholar
Bessis, A., Marthelot, P., de Montéty, H., Pauphilet, D. 1956 Le territoire des ouled Sidi Ali Ben Aoun. Mémoires du Centre d'Etudes de Sciences Humaines n° 1. Tunis, Institut des Hautes Etudes de Tunis.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre 1962 The Algerians. Boston, Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Black, Jacob 1972 “Tyranny as a strategy for survival in an ‘egalitarian’ society: Luri facts versus an anthropological mystique,” Man (n.s.) 7:614–634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, L. Carl 1974 The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey, 1837–1855. Princeton, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bujra, Abdalla 1971 The Politics of Stratification: A Study of Political Change in a South Arabian Town. Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Carmi, Shulamit, and Rosenfeld, Henry 1974 “The origins of the process of proletarianization and urbanization of Arab peasants” in City and Peasant: A Study in Sociocultural Dynamics, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 220(6):470–485.Google Scholar
Champault, Dominique 1969 Une Oasis du Sahara Nord-Occidental, Tabelbala. Paris, Etudes et documents de l'Institut d'Ethnologie. Paris, C.N.R.S./Université de Paris.Google Scholar
Chaulet, Claudine 1971 La mitidja autogérée. Algiers, S.N.E.D.Google Scholar
Clegg, Ian 1971 Workers' Self-Management Algeria. New York and London, Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Abner 1965 Arab Border Villages in Israel. Manchester, Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Cuisenier, Jean 1960 L'Ansarine: Contribution á la sociologie du développement. Publications de l'Université de Tunis. 3e série. Mémoires du Centre d'Etudes des Sciences Humaines, vol. 7. Tunis.Google Scholar
Despois, Jean 1959 “Le djebel Ousselet, les Ousseltiya, et les Kooub,” Cahiers de Tunisie 7:407–428.Google Scholar
Dubetsky, Allen R. n.d. “Class and community in urban Turkey.” Paper presented at the Middle East Studies Association meeting, Boston, 11, 1974.Google Scholar
Duvignaud, Jean 1968 Chebika: Mutations dans un village du Maghreb. Paris, Gallimard.Google Scholar
English, Paul Ward 1966 City and Village in Iran: Settlement and Economy in the Kirman Basin. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
de Epalza, Mikel, and Petit, Ramon 1974 Etudes sur les Moriscos andalous en Tunisie. Madrid, Instituto Hispano-Arabe de Cultura.Google Scholar
Fei, Hsiau-tung 1953 China's Gentry. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fernea, Robert 1970 Shaykh and Effendi: Changing Patterns of Authority among the El Shabana of Southern Iraq. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Firth, Raymond 1963 Elements of Social Organization. Boston, Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Fraenkel, Richard 1974 “Policy and change in a farming locality of northern Tunisia.” Paper presented at the Middle East Studies Association meeting. Boston, 11, 1974.Google Scholar
Fraenkel, Richard, and Shane, Mathew 1974 “Land transfer and technical change in a dualistic agriculture: A case study from northern Tunisia.” Staff Paper P74–24, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Gellner, Ernest 1969 Saints of the Atlas. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Gluckman, Max 1963 “Gossip and scandal,” Current Anthropology 4:308–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granovsky, Abraham (A. Granott) 1952 The Land System in Palestine: History and Structure. London, Eyre and Spottiswoode.Google Scholar
Guyader, Albert n.d. “Etude sur les tribus du contrôle civil de Medjaz-el-Bab,” Centre des Hautes Etudes sur l'Administration Musalmane, n° 1826 (about 1951).Google Scholar
Hart, David M. 1973 “The tribe in modern Morocco: two modern case studies” in Arabs and Berbers, eds. Gellner, Ernest and Micaud, Charles. London, Duckworth. Pp. 25–58.Google Scholar
Hay, Michael Joseph 1974 “An economic analysis of rural-urban migration in Tunisia.” Ph.d. diss. University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Hill, Polly 1963 Migrant Cocoa Farmers of Southern Ghana. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kassab, Ahmed 1970 “Les basses terrasses de la Medjerda dans la plaine de Testeur-Slouguia,” Révue Tunisiènne de sociales 21:119–157.Google Scholar
Le Coeur, Charles 1969 Le rite et l'outil: Essai sur le rationalisme social et la pluralité des civilisations. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Magnarella, Paul 1974 Tradition and Change in a Turkish Town. Cambridge: Schenkman Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Makhlouf, Ezzeddine 1968 Structures agraires et modernisation de l'agriculture dans les plaines du Kef: Les unites coopératives de production. Cahiers du CERES, série géographique I, Tunis.Google Scholar
Makhlouf, Ezzeddine 1971 “Les coopératives agricoles en Tunisie: structures et difficultés,” Revue tunisiènne des sciènces sociales 26:79–114.Google Scholar
Makhlouf, Ezzeddine n.d. “Political and technical factors in Tunisian agricultural collectivization” to appear in Popular Participation in Social Change: Cooperatvies, Collectives and Nationalized Industry, eds. Nash, J., Dandler, J., and Hopkins, N. S.. The Hague, Mouton.Google Scholar
Mansur, Fatma 1972 Bodrum: A Town in the Aegean. Leiden, Brill.Google Scholar
Marçais, Georges 1942 “Testour et sa grande mosquée: contribution à l'étude des Andalous en Tunisie,” Revue tunisienne (n.s.) 49/50/51: 147–169.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl 1970 A Contribution to the Critique of the Political Economy. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl, and Engels, Friedrich 1955 The Communist Manifesto. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl, and Engels, Friedrich 1970 The German Ideology. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar
Meillassoux, Claude 1970 “A class analysis of the bureaucratic process in Mali,” in Journal of Development Studies 6:97–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monchicourt, Charles 1913 La région du Haut-Tell en Tunisie. Paris, A. Colin.Google Scholar
Montagne, Robert 1930 Les Berberes et le Makhzen dans le sud du Maroc. Paris, Félix Alcan.Google Scholar
Moore, Clement Henry 1965 Tunisia Since Independence: The Dynamics of One-Party Government. Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mottes, Victor 1925 “La colonisation française et la propriété indigène dans le contrôle civil de Medjaz-el-Bab” in Bulletin de la direction générale de l'agriculture, de commerce, et de la colonisation, no. 119.Google Scholar
Nerfin, Marc 1974 Entretiens avec Ahmed Ben Saleh. Paris, Maspéro.Google Scholar
Pauphilet, Didier 1951 “Note sur l'évolution de la propriété dans le Caïdat des Ouled Ayar” in Comptes rendus et communications, 70e Congrès de l'Association française pour l'avancement des sciences. Vol. II, pp. 269–272.Google Scholar
Peters, Emrys 1963 “Aspects of rank and status among Muslims in a Lebanese village” in Pitt-Rivers, Julian, ed., Mediterranean Countrymen. The Hague, Mouton. Pp. 159–202.Google Scholar
Peters, Emrys 1972 “Shifts in power in a Lebanese village” in Antoun, Richard and Harik, Iliya, eds., Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, Pp. 165–197.Google Scholar
Playfair, Robert Lambert 1877 Travels in the Footsteps of Bruce in Algeria and Tunis. London, C. Kegan Paul and Co.Google Scholar
Poncet, Jean 1962 La Colonisation et l'agriculture européennes en Tunisie depuis 1881. The Hague, Mouton.Google Scholar
Poncet, Jean 1963 Paysages et problèmes ruraux en Tunisie. Publications de l'Université de Tunis, 3e série, Mémoires du Centre d'Etudes de Sciences Humaines, vol. 8. Tunis.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, Henry 1970 “From peasantry to wage labor and residual peasantry: The transformation of an Arab village” in Louise Sweet, ed., Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East. Vol. 2, pp. 143–168.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, Henry 1972 “An overview and critique of the literature on rural politics and social change” in Antoun, Richard and Harik, Iliya, eds., Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East. Bloomington, Indiana University Press. Pp. 45–74.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, Henry 1974 “Non-hierarchical, hierarchical and masked reciprocity in an Arab village,” Anthropological Quarterly 47 139–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudebeck, Lars 1967 Party and People: A Study of Political Change in Tunisia. Stockholm, Almqvist and Wiksell.Google Scholar
Ruedy, John 1967 Land Policy in Colonial Algeria. Near Eastern Studies vol. 10. Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ruedy, John 1971 “Dynamics of land alienation” in The Transformation of Palestine, ed., Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim. Evanston, Northwestern University Press. Pp. 119–138.Google Scholar
Sari, Djilali 1970 Les villes précoloniales de l'Algerie occidentale. Algiers, S.N.E.D.Google Scholar
Sébag, Paul 1951 La Tunisie. Paris: Editions Sociales.Google Scholar
Seddon, J. David 1973 “Local politics and state intervention: northeast Morocco from 1870 to 1970” in Gellner, Ernest and Micaud, Charles, eds., Arabs and Berbers. London, Duckworth. Pp. 109–140.Google Scholar
Selim, S. M. 1962 Marsh Dwellers of the Euphrates Delta. LSE Monographs on Social Anthropology, no. 23. London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Sethom, Hafedh 1964 “L'artisanat de la poterie en Tunisie,” Mémoires de la section de Geographie 1:455–606.Google Scholar
Skhiri, Fathia 1968 “Les traditions culinaires andalouses à Testour,” Cahiers des arts et traditions populaires 2:21–28.Google Scholar
Smida, Mongi 1970 Khereddine: Ministre Réformateur. Tunis: Maison Tunisienne de l'Edition.Google Scholar
Stirling, Paul 1965 Turkish Village. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Stone, Russell 1971 “Tunisian cooperatives: failure of a bold experiment,” Africa Report 16(6): 19–22.Google Scholar
Sweet, Louise 1960. Tell Toqaan: A Syrian Village. Anthropological Papers no. 14. Ann Arbor: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valensi, Lucette 1964 “Le Djebel Ousselat au XVIIIe siècle” Cahiers de Tunisie 47/48:89–100.Google Scholar
Vinogradov, Amal R. 1973 “The socio-political organization of a Berber Taraf tribe: pre-protectorate Morocco” in Gellner, Ernest and Micaud, Charles, eds., Arabs and Berbers. London: Duckworth. Pp. 67–84.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel 1974 “The rise and future demise of the world capitalist system: concepts for comparative analysis,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 16(4):387–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weulersse, Jacques 1934 “Antioche: essai de géographie humaine,” Bulletin d'études orientales 4:27–79.Google Scholar
Weulersse, Jacques 1940 Le pays des alaouites. Tours: Arrault.Google Scholar
Weulersse, Jacques 1946 Paysans de Syrie et du Proche Orient. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric 1966 Peasants. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Yalman, Nur 1971 “On land disputes in eastern Turkey” in Tikku, Girchari L., ed., Islam and Its Cultural Divergence. Urbana, University of Illinois Press. Pp. 180–216.Google Scholar
Zamiti, Khalil 1970 “Les obstacles matériels et idéologiques à l'évolution sociale des campagnes tunisiennes: l'expérience de mise en coopératives dans le Gouvernorat de Béja; signification de l'effondrement du système coopératif dans les campagnes tunisiennes,” Revue Tunisienne de sciènces sociales 21:9–55.Google Scholar
Zghal, Abdekkader 1967 Modernisation de l'agriculture et populations semi-nomades. The Hague, Mouton.Google Scholar
Zghal, Abdekkader 1969 “L'élite administrative et la paysannerie,” Revue tunisienne de sciènces sociales 16:41–52.Google Scholar