¹ This term is misleading; one must speak of all colloquials (say, sedentary ones) with caution since not all colloquials have been investigated. It is meaningful only as an impression-istic term.

² Johnstone, T. M., Eastern Arabian Dialect Stadies, London Oriental Series, vol. 17 (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 9–11.Google Scholar

³ Cf. ibid., p. xx, and idem., “The sound change j > y in the Arabic dialects of peninsular Arabia,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 28, 2 (1965), 233–241, for the details.+y+in+the+Arabic+dialects+of+peninsular+Arabia,”+Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies,+28,+2+(1965),+233–241,+for+the+details.>Google Scholar

⁴ Especially Weinreich, U., Languages in Contact (New York: Linguistic Circle of New York, 1953)Google Scholar. His influence is obvious throughout the work, and it must be kept in mind that he was the chairman of the dissertation committee.

⁵ See Kaye, Alan S., “Modern standard Arabic and the colloquials,” Lingua, 24, 4 (1970), 374–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶ Cantineau, Jean, “Esquisse d'une phonologie de l'arabe classique,” Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, 43 (1947), 93–140.Google Scholar

⁷ “Some problems in the description of Arabic,” Word, 12 (1956), 357–68.Google Scholar

⁸ See Kaye, Alan S., “Arabic /žiim/: a synchronic and diachronic study,” Linguistics, 79 (1972), 31–72.Google Scholar

⁹ Gairdner, W. H. T., The Phonetics of Arabic (London: Oxford University Press, 1925).Google Scholar

¹⁰ Johnstone, , Eastern Arabian Dialect Studies, p.58.Google Scholar

¹¹ Ibid., p. 56 n. 3.

¹² Ibid., pp. 55–58.

¹³ Ibid., pp. 55 n. 1.