1 Hereinafter the Coalition.Google Scholar

2 Letters to the President of the Security Council, 8 May 2003, S/2003/538; hereinafter the Authority.Google Scholar

3 CPA Regulation No 1, 16 May 2003. The curious fact is that although the preamble and s 3 of the Regulation refer to SC Res 1483, that Resolution was not in fact adopted until 22 May.Google Scholar

4 CPA Regulation No 6, 13 May 2003 in which it was recognized as the principal body of Iraqi administration.Google Scholar

5 Orders 44, 50, and 60 of 14 Nov 2003, 11 Jan 2004 and 22 Feb 2004.Google Scholar

6 Order 11, 28 June 2004.Google Scholar

7 Order 30, 8 Sep 2003.Google Scholar

8 Order 5 9, 1 June 2004.Google Scholar

9 Orders 37, 1 9 Sep 2003 and 49, 1 0 Dec 2003.Google Scholar

10 Orders 39 and 46, 20 Dec 2003.Google Scholar

11 Order 43, 14 Oct 2003.Google Scholar

12 Order 81, 26 Apr 2004.Google Scholar

13 Order 52, 8 Jan 2004.Google Scholar

14 Order 74, 19 Apr 2004.Google Scholar

15 Order 53,18 Jan 2004.Google Scholar

16 Order 86, 20 May 2004.Google Scholar

17 Order 93, 3 June 2004.Google Scholar

18 Order 94, 7 June 2004.Google Scholar

19 Order 29, 7 Sep 2003.Google Scholar

20 ‘Iraq: Law of Occupation’ House of Commons Research Paper, International Affairs and Defence Section, 03151, 2 June 2003.Google Scholar

21 See Italian State Railways v Garofalo 16ILR 475 at 476;Google Scholar and generally see Freeman, A ‘War Crimes by Enemy Nationals Administering Justice in Occupied Territory’ (1947) 41 AJIL 579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

22 See generally Public Prosecutor v H 17 ILR 401.Google Scholar

23 Hereinafter the Regulations.Google Scholar

24 Hereinafter the Convention.Google Scholar

25 See ‘The Trial of the Major War Criminals’ Nuremberg 41 (1947) 41 AJIL 172 at 248–9;Google Scholar and Oppenheim, LInternational Law vol ii Disputes, War and Neutrality (7th edn ed Lauterpacht, HLongmans London 1952) 451.Google Scholar

26 Emphasis added.Google Scholar

27 14 ILR 245 at 246.Google Scholar

28 14 ILR 228 at 232.Google Scholar

29 52 ILR 512 at 515 (1972).Google Scholar

30 Thrace Notarial Services, 16 ILR 466, Greece Court of Appeal, Thrace, 1949;Google Scholar L v N (Bulgarian Occupation of Greece)14 ILR 242, 1947, ibid 1947; Mr P (Batavia) v Mrs S (Bandoeng) 14 ILR 260, Netherlands East Indies, Batavia, 1947;Google ScholarCarinthia (Removal of Judges), 1 Annual Digest 467, Austrian Supreme Court (Civil), 1919;Google ScholarRecognition of Divorce (Eastern Germany) 23 ILR 795, FDR Supreme Court, 1956;Google Scholarand Ellin Anak Masing v The King 24 ILR 943, Sarawak Supreme Court 1948.Google Scholar

31 Zeeuwsche Hypotheek-Bank v The Netherlands 15 ILR 567 and KNAC v The Netherlands, 16 ILR 468, tenancy contracts for administrative offices, The Hague District Court 1946; and Marjamoffv Wloclawek 2 Annual Digest 444, expropriation procedures; Polish Supreme Court 1924.Google Scholar

32 Rhineland (German Decrees), 1 Annual Digest 450; venereal diseases; Reichsgericht for Criminal Matters, 1921.Google Scholar

33 In re Policeman Vollema 14 ILR 258.Google Scholar

34 Bochart v Committee of Supplies of Corneux, 1 Annual Digest 462, Belgium Court of Appeal, 1920;Google ScholarLvN (Olive Oil), 15 ILR 563, Greece, Aegean Court of Appeal, 1948;Google ScholarMagri v Di Marco, 18 ILR 689, Italy, Court of Cassation, 1951.Google Scholar

35 18 ILR 642.Google ScholarSee also Dooply v Chen Taik, 18 ILR 641 in re Japanese military currencyGoogle Scholarand Gibbs v Rodriguez, 18 ILR 661.Google Scholar

36 ibid 592 at 593.

37 21 ILR 476 at 477 and 476 respectively.Google Scholar

38 1 Annual Digest 471.Google Scholar

39 ibid 463. See also Cambier v Lebrun ibid 459.

40 De Brabant and Gosselin v T and Florent 1 Annual Digest 463; Belgian Court of Appeal 1920. The same view was expressed in Mathot (note 39) for the same measures.Google Scholar

41 Cobb v United States 18 ILR 549 at 555.Google Scholar

42 ibid 556.

43 US Military Government v Flamme 17 ILR 415.Google Scholar

44 16 ILR 464 at 465.Google Scholar

45 14 ILR 264; 1947;Google Scholarsee also Soubrouillard v Kilbourg 15 ILR 551.Google Scholar

46 15 ILR 536, 1948.Google Scholar

47 18 ILR 549.Google Scholar

48 19 ILR 609; 1952.Google Scholar

49 The State of the Netherlands v Jessen 20 ILR 646.Google Scholar

50 In re Policeman Bolster 14 ILR 255.Google Scholar

51 In re X 1 Annual Digest 468, French Court of Appeal 1920;Google Scholar and see Republic v Weisholc ibid 472, Polish Supreme Court 1919.

52 Socitete v Brum de Belie 1 Annual Digest 466.Google Scholar

53 Adriaenssens v Ministere Public ibid 467.

54 1 Annual Digest 461,1919.Google Scholar

55 18 ILR 636.Google Scholar

56 14 ILR 233 at 234.Google Scholar

57 15 ILR 576, High Court, Burma, 1948.Google Scholar

58 24 ILR 962 at 965;Google Scholaralso see N v B 24 ILR 941.Google Scholar

59 52 ILR 718.Google Scholar

60 HC Deb, 26 March 2003, vol 402 c277. This is discussed presently.Google Scholar

61 FAC Tenth Report, Foreign Policy Aspects of the War Against Terrorism, Written Evidence, Memorandum from the FCO, 13 and 22 May 2003.Google Scholar

62 Roberts, A ‘What is a Military Occupation?’ (1984) 55 BY1L 189 at 267–71.Google Scholar

63 See ‘Government in Commission’ (1946) 23 BY1L 112 at 135–6 and 140.Google Scholar

64 14 ILR 228 at 233.Google Scholar

65 16 ILR 435 at 438.Google Scholar

66 Memorandum (n 61), para 4.Google Scholar

67 Schweisfiirth, T ‘Germany, Occupation after World War II’ 2 EPIL 582.Google Scholar

68 Press statement, US Central Command, <http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/1971.htm>. It envisaged, inter alia, a federal democratic Iraq in which the Baath party stood dissolved and there was open dialogue between national political groups; women were to be given a role and communal identity would not be the basis for the new government..+It+envisaged,+inter+alia,+a+federal+democratic+Iraq+in+which+the+Baath+party+stood+dissolved+and+there+was+open+dialogue+between+national+political+groups;+women+were+to+be+given+a+role+and+communal+identity+would+not+be+the+basis+for+the+new+government.>Google Scholar

69 UN Doc S/2003/538.Google Scholar

70 Memorandum (n 61), para 28.Google Scholar

71 Paras 4, 8, 9, and 16.Google Scholar

72 20 Nov 2003.Google Scholar

73 Emphasis added.Google Scholar

74 See ‘Reconstructing Iraq’ IGC Middle East Report No 30, 2 Sep 2004. The privatization programme was not implemented.Google Scholar

75 30 ILR 496 at 505.Google Scholar

76 ibid 503. This is not how it would be described in contemporary times, for which see Art 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.