Infections are a frequent cause of hospital (re)admissions for older adults receiving home health care (HHC), and the Joint Commission has identified infection prevention and control in HHC as a national patient safety goal. 1 HHC patients who are immunocompromised or recovering from surgical procedures are particularly susceptible to infections. Reference Durning2 Many sepsis survivors are discharged from the hospital to HHC and have high rates of readmission for recurrent infections and related complications. Reference Durning2–4
Reported prevalence of infections in HHC has varied from 5% to 80%, depending on the patient population. Reference Shang, Ma, Poghosyan, Dowding and Stone5 Using data from the Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS), the standardized assessment tool mandated for all Medicare-certified HHC agencies, Shang et al Reference Shang, Larson, Liu and Stone6 found that 17% of unplanned hospitalizations in HHC were due to 4 types of infection: (1) respiratory infection, (2) urinary tract infection (UTI), (3) wound site (skin or soft-tissue) infection, and (4) intravenous (IV) catheter-related. OASIS assessments are completed by clinicians at least twice during a HHC episode, including upon admission and for any change in health status that leads to inpatient transfer, discharge from HHC, death, or 60-day recertification if none of these events have occurred. However, this study likely underestimated the prevalence of infections leading to hospitalization because the data were limited to infections reported in OASIS. Reference Shang, Larson, Liu and Stone6
In this study, we used 2013–2018 OASIS assessment data linked to Medicare inpatient data to estimate trends in the prevalence of infection in hospital transfers among HHC patients and subsequent 30-day mortality.
Methods
We identified a random sample of 1,481 Medicare-certified HHC agencies stratified by US Census region (Northeast, South, Midwest, or West), ownership (nonprofit, for-profit, or government), and rural or urban location. We obtained OASIS assessment data for all Medicare beneficiaries who received HHC services from these agencies between 2013 and 2018 (n = 2,258,105). We identified 60-day HHC episodes (n = 5,203,696). HHC episodes with a hospital transfer (all causes) were linked to corresponding inpatient records in the Medicare Provider Analysis and Review file (MedPAR).
We estimated the percentage of all hospital transfers with (1) infection present on admission (POA) and (2) infection as the primary cause. We also estimated 30-day mortality following hospital transfer with infection as the primary cause. Bacterial or suspected bacterial infections were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and ICD-10 codes in MedPAR (see the Appendix online). We classified infections by site: respiratory, UTI, skin and soft tissue, IV catheter-related (including peripheral and central IVs), and all (including other or unspecified infection site). We also identified sepsis diagnoses. Hospital transfers could be associated with >1 infection classification. We classified all transfers for which infection was POA in any of the 25 diagnosis codes as transfers with infection POA. We further classified hospital transfers with infection as the primary cause if infection was indicated (1) as the principal diagnosis and POA or (2) as the admitting diagnosis and POA. For transfers with infection as the primary cause, we identified 30-day mortality following the hospital admission date based on the patient date of death (if applicable) in the Master Beneficiary Summary File. Analyses were limited to hospital transfers reported in OASIS with a corresponding MedPAR record (85% match rate). All models were adjusted for clustering of observations within HHC agencies. This study was approved by the Columbia University and RAND institutional review boards.
Results
From 2013 through 2018, the percentage of 60-day HHC episodes with 1 or more hospital transfers (all causes) varied from ˜15% to 16%. Table 1 reports the outcomes of interest from 2013 to 2018, overall and by infection site.
Table 1. The Burden of Infection in Hospital Transfers in Home Health Care, 2013–2018
Note. Hospital transfers may be associated with >1 infection classification (eg, sepsis may overlap with other infection classifications). Due to large sample sizes, all changes from 2013 to 2018 are statistically significant (P < .001). All confidence intervals are within ±0.008 percentage points for transfers with infection POA and transfers with infection as the primary cause and within ±0.05 percentage points for 30-day mortality following transfer with infection as the primary cause.
Nearly half of all hospital transfers among HHC patients had an infection POA, ranging from 45.00% in 2013 to 47.32% in 2018. Approximately 15% of hospital transfers had respiratory infections POA and ˜20% had UTIs POA. The percentage of transfers with sepsis POA increased from 9.00% in 2013 to 13.58% in 2018 (P < .001).
Infection was the primary cause for >25% of all hospital transfers among HHC patients, ranging from 25.86% of transfers in 2013 to 27.57% in 2018. Sepsis was the most frequent infection-related cause of hospital transfer, followed by respiratory infection and UTI. Notably, hospital transfers caused by sepsis increased from 7.51% of transfers in 2013 to 11.49% in 2018, while the percentage of transfers caused by other infection types decreased (P < .001 for all).
Overall, 30-day mortality following hospital transfer with infection as the primary cause ranged from 14.14% in 2013 to 14.98% in 2018. Mortality rates following hospital transfers caused by infection were highest for sepsis, ranging from 23.14% to 26.51%. In comparison, 30-day mortality following all-cause hospital transfer, excluding transfers with infection as the primary cause, ranged from 11.52% to 11.68% between 2013 and 2018.
Discussion
Our findings demonstrate that infections are a persistent problem in HHC and a more frequent cause of hospital transfers in HHC than previously reported. Reference Shang, Larson, Liu and Stone6 Our findings also emphasize the importance of infection prevention in HHC because infections occurring in HHC were associated with substantial 30-day mortality, particularly following transfers caused by sepsis. Many factors may play a role in the observed trends, including possible changes in coding practices following the transition from ICD-9 to ICD-10 in October 2015. The increasing trend in hospital transfers with sepsis as the primary cause may potentially indicate improvement in early recognition and treatment of sepsis in HHC and emergency departments, consistent with initiatives in New York, New Jersey, and Illinois. Reference Levy, Gesten and Phillips7–10 Policies to promote best practices for infection prevention and control in the HHC setting are important for improving quality of care.
Acknowledgments
Financial support
This research was supported by the National Institute of Nursing Research (grant no. R01NR016865; PI, Shang/Stone).
Conflicts of interest
All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article.
Supplementary material
To view supplementary material for this article, please visit https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2021.248
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