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Primary School Teachers in Nineteenth-Century France: A Study of Professionalization Through Conflict

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2017

Peter V. Meyers
Peter V. Meyers*
Affiliation:
Department of History at North Carolina A & T State University
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Extract

Over the past few decades, scholars have often considered many of the professions to be the natural offspring of the global processes of modernization. Countless studies relate professional development to the broader currents of technological change or structural differentiation. Moreover, since the professions were seen as having a common parentage, much research has been devoted to identifying the characteristics and developmental patterns that all of them shared.

Type
Articles
Information
History of Education Quarterly , Volume 25 , Issue 1-2 , Spring-Summer 1985 , pp. 21 - 40
Copyright
Copyright © 1985 by History of Education Society 

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References

Notes

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47. quoted in Association des anciens élèves de l'École normale et des instituteurs du Nord, 11 (1883):338–339.Google Scholar

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56. Quoted in François Bernard, , et. al., Le syndicalisme dans l'enseignement, 1 (Grenoble, 1966), p. 7.Google Scholar

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59. quoted in Max Ferré, , Histoire du mouvement syndicaliste révolutionnaire chez les instituteurs des origines à 1922 (Paris, 1955), pp. 39–41.Google Scholar

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62. AN C6008.3523, Petitions, 1898–1902.Google Scholar

63. A new pay scale was introduced in 1901. Salary levels varied with length of service and were supplemented by cost of living payments that depended on the population size of the town in which the teacher taught. Housing was usually provided for teachers. Additional money could be earned especially by rural teachers who also served as town clerks. At a time when skilled craftsmen earned 1350–1450F per year, teacher pay ranged from about 1100F for new entrants in a small village to almost 3000F for an experienced master in a large city. See Fortemps, and Veuilleur, Le. Traitements et indemnités du personnell (Paris, 1907) pp. 22–23. and Ministère du travail et de la prévoyance sociale, Salaires et durée du travail, coût de la vie, pour certaines catégoires d'ouvriers en 1906 (Paris, 1907), pp. 22–23.Google Scholar

64. Wishnia, Judith, “French Functionnaires: The Development of Class Consciousness and Unionization 1884–1926,” (Unpublished dissertation, SUNY-Stony Brook, 1978), p. 80 indicates that civil servants were about 4.5% of the population in 1911.Google Scholar

65. Arnaud, Albert, L'instituteur français (Beziers, 1907), p. 10.Google Scholar

66. Fédération des amicales, Septième congrès des amicales d'institutrices et d'instituteurs publics de France et des colonies tenu à Nantes le 7, 8, 9, et 10 août 1911: Compte rendu sténographique (Nantes, 1911), p. 19. Hereafter referred to as A-1911.Google Scholar

67. Ibid., p. 19.Google Scholar

68. Ibid., p. 40 Google Scholar

69. Ibid., p. 5.Google Scholar

70. Ibid., pp. 139–140.Google Scholar

71. Laurin, M.-T., Les Instituteurs et le syndicalisme (Paris, 1908), p. 54. The 1909 Amicale Congress also supported this position.Google Scholar

72. Fédération des amicales, Cinquième congrès des amicales d'instituteurs et d'institutrices publics de France et des colonies, tenu à Clermont-Ferrand les 8, 9, 10, et 11 août 1907: Rapport général (Melun, 1908), p. 230.Google Scholar

73. “Autorité du maître,” La Tribune (December 1, 1886):354.Google Scholar

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76. Fédération des amicales, Quatrième congrès des amicales d'instituteurs et d'institutrices publics de France et des colonies, tenu à Lille les 28, 29, 30, et 31 août 1905: Rapport général (Marseille, 1905), p. 157.Google Scholar