Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T14:01:04.466Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

“The Center Cannot Hold.” Educational Politics and the Collapse of the Democratic Middle in Germany: The School Bill Crisis in Baden, 1927–1928

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2017

Stephen G. Fritz
Stephen G. Fritz*
Affiliation:
East Tennessee State University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Weimar Germany. The words conjure images of ineffectual leaders and stopgap governments, of a haphazard democratic way station en route to Hitler and National Socialism. Historians have probed and assessed the weaknesses—sociological, political, economic, psychological—that bedeviled this ill-fated system. The chief defect oftentimes is judged to be a weak and divided middle class, which proved incapable of acting as a moderating and stabilizing force of the political center. A variety of studies have pinpointed the political and economic fragmentation of the German bourgeoisie. Another, not insignificant, factor helped split the bourgeois middle in Weimar Germany. Educational differences founded upon the clash between advocates of religious and secular schooling acted as a serious hindrance to bourgeois political cooperation.

Type
Articles
Information
History of Education Quarterly , Volume 25 , Issue 4 , Winter 1985 , pp. 413 - 437
Copyright
Copyright © 1986 by History of Education Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. See, for example: Jones, Larry E., “The Dying Middle: Weimar Germany and the Fragmentation of Bourgeois Politics,” Central European History 5 (1972): 23–54; Hagtvet, Bernt, “The Theory of Mass Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic: A Re-examination,” in Who Were the Fascists? Social Roots of European Facism , eds. Larsen, Stein Ugelvik, Hagtvet, Bernt, and Myklebust, Jan Petter (Bergen, Norway, 1980), 66–117; Winkler, Heinrich August, Mittelstand, Demokratie, und Nationalsozialismus: Die politische Entwicklung von Handel und Kleinhandel in der Weimarer Republik (Cologne, 1972); Geiger, Theodor; “Panik im Mittelstand,” Die Arbeit 7 (1930): 637–54.Google Scholar

2. Eyck, Erich, A History of the Weimar Republic, trans. Hanson, Harlan P. and Waite, Robert G.L. (New York, 1963), 2:150.Google Scholar

3. Hellpach, Willy, Politische Prognose für Deutschland (Berlin, 1928), 255.Google Scholar

4. Evans, Ellen, “The Center Wages Kulturpolitik: Conflict in the Marx-Keudell Cabinet of 1927,” Central European History 2 (1969):143.Google Scholar

5. Ibid. Google Scholar

6. Ibid. Google Scholar

7. Evans, Ellen, The German Center Party, 1870–1933 (Carbondale, Ill., 1981), 39; Zangerl, Carl, “Baden's Opening to the Left: A Study of Regional Politics, 1904–1909” (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois, 1974), 11; Zangerl, Carl, “Courting the Catholic Vote: The Center Party in Baden, 1909–1913,” Central European History 10 (1977):222.Google Scholar

8. Evans, , Center Party, 39–40; Ritter, Emil, Die Katholische-Soziale Bewegung Deutschlands im neunzehnten Jahrhundert und der Volksverein (Cologne, 1954), 219–20.Google Scholar

9. Craig, Gordon A., Germany, 1866–1945 (New York, 1978), 70–73.Google Scholar

10. Zangerl, , “Courting the Catholic Vote,” 223.Google Scholar

11. Craig, , Germany, 75–76; Carr, William, A History of Germany, 1815–1945 (New York, 1969), 146–49.Google Scholar

12. Evans, , Center Party, 78; Zangerl, , “Courting the Catholic Vote,” 223.Google Scholar

13. Zangerl, , “Courting the Catholic Vote,” 224–26; Ritter, , Katholische Bewegung, 218–20; Hellpach, , Politische Prognose, 128–29.Google Scholar

14. Evans, , Center Party, 310; Grünthal, Günter, Reichsschulgesetz und Zentrumspartei in der Weimarer Republik (Düsseldorf, 1968), 11; Neumann, Sigmund, Die Parteien der Weimarer Republik (Stuttgart, 1965), 44.Google Scholar

15. Pois, Robert A., The Bourgeois Democrats of Weimar Germany, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n.s., vol. 66 (Philadelphia, 1976), 20–28.Google Scholar

16. Dahrendorf, Ralf, Society and Democracy in Germany (Garden City, N.Y., 1967), 49, 78.Google Scholar

17. Ibid., 51–54.Google Scholar

18. Ibid., 119–21; Mosse, George L., The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York, 1964), 13–31; Stern, Fritz, The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology (Berkeley, 1961), xi–xxx; Bäumer, Gertrud, Grundlagen demokratische Politik (Karlsruhe, 1928), 1, 5.Google Scholar

19. Pois, , Bourgeois Democrats, 29–30, 81–82; Döhn, Lothar, Politik und Interesse: Die Interessenstruktur der Deutschen Volkspartei (Meisenheim am Glan, 1970), 54–61, 258, 277; Mosse, , German Ideology, 121.Google Scholar

20. Mosse, , German Ideology, 121; Pois, , Bourgeois Democrats, 33, 77; Die Hilfe, 9 Aug. 1930, 796.Google Scholar

21. Bäumer, Gertrud, Sinn und Formen geistiger Führung (Berlin, 1930), 18, 49; Die Hilfe, 9 Aug. 1930, 796.Google Scholar

22. Grünthal, , Reichsschulgesetz, 31–34.Google Scholar

23. Ibid., 38–67; Evans, , “The Center Wages Kulturpolitik,” 145.Google Scholar

24. Grünthal, , Reichsschulgesetz, 31–33; Evans, , “The Center Wages Kulturpolitik,” 145–46; Braun, Otto, Vom Weimar zu Hitler (New York, 1940), 230.Google Scholar

25. Evans, , “The Center Wages Kulturpolitik,” 147; Wielandt, Friedrich, “Schule und Politik in Baden während der Weimarer Republik” (Ph.D diss., University of Freiburg, 1976), 230–31; Stehling, Jutta, Weimarer Koalition und SPD in Baden: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Parteiund Kulturpolitik in der Weimarer Republik (Frankfurt, 1976), 30; Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe (GLA Karlsruhe), 235 (Education Ministry)/37318 (press clippings).Google Scholar

26. GLA Karlsruhe, 235 (Education Ministry)/37318, (press clippings); 235/35357, (government document), 235/19970, (press clippings).Google Scholar

27. Grünthal, , Reichsschulgesetz, 205; Evans, , “The Center Wages Kulturpolitik,” 149.Google Scholar

28. Grünthal, , Reichsschulgesetz, 158, 200–208; Evans, , Center Party, 320–21; Evans, , “The Center Wages Kulturpolitik,” 149–50; Morsey, Rudolf, ed., Die Protokolle der Reichstagsfraktion und des Fraktionvorstands der deutschen Zentrumspartei, 1926–1933 (Mainz, 1969), 106; Stresemann, Gustav, Vermächtnis: Der Nachlass in drei Bänden , ed. Bernhard, Henry (Berlin, 1933), 3:92–102; Deutsche Stimmen, 20 Feb. 1927; Tägliche Rundschau, 13 July 1927.Google Scholar

29. Knapp, Thomas A., “Joseph Wirth and the Democratic Left in the German Center Party, 1918–1928” (Ph.D diss., The Catholic University of America, 1967), 97–98; Berliner Tageblatt, 7 Aug. 1927; Frankfurter Zeitung, 6 Aug. 1927.Google Scholar

30. Evans, , “The Center Wages Kulturpolitik,” 152; Evans, , Center Party, 327; GLA Karlsruhe, 233 (Ministry of State)/13048 (press clippings); Heidelberger Tageblatt, 6 July 1927, 8 July 1927, 19 July 1927, 26 July 1927, 8 Aug. 1927, 17 Aug. 1927. The organ of the DVP in Baden, the Badische Presse, had launched a vocal press campaign against the school bill even before it was made public. See Badische Presse, February, April, and May 1927. See also Badische Schulzeitung, nos. 64 and 65, 1927.Google Scholar

31. Draft copy of the Reich school bill, GLA Karlsruhe, 233 (Ministry of State)/13048 (government document); Grünthal, , Reichsschulgesetz, 290–94; Evans, , Center Party, 327; Wielandt, , “Schule und Politik,” 235–36.Google Scholar

32. Evans, , Center Party, 327; Wielandt, , “Schule und Politik,” 232–35; Badische Schulzeitung, no. 65, 1927.Google Scholar

33. Schulz, Heinrich, Kirchenschule oder Volksschule? Ein Kampf gegen den Reichsschulgesetzentwurf der Rechtskoalition (Berlin, 1927), 40.Google Scholar

34. Badische Schulzeitung, no. 65, 1927, special issue no. 29.Google Scholar

35. Grünthal, , Reichsschulgesetz, 213; Köhler, Heinrich, Lebenserinnerungen des Politikers und Staatsmannes, 1878–1949 , ed. Becker, Josef (Stuttgart, 1964), 265.Google Scholar

36. Badische Schulzeitung, no. 65, 1927; Heidelberger Tageblatt, 7 Feb. 1927, 19 Apr. 1927, 30 Apr. 1927, 2 May 1927, 23 July 1927, 25 July 1927, 30 July 1927; Badische Presse, 2 May 1927; GLA Karlsruhe 233 (Ministry of State)/13048 (press clippings).Google Scholar

37. Heidelberger Tageblatt, 18 July 1927.Google Scholar

38. Badische Presse, 1 June 1927; Heidelberger Tageblatt, 2 June 1927; Schofer to Wirth, 27 June 1927, Nachlass Marx (NL Marx)/239, Stadtarchiv Cologne. The rightist Center leaders tended to support state authority of any kind so long as it allowed Catholic autonomy in most cultural and religious matters. Wirth, on the other hand, was a principled and committed republican who worried about the effects of Center actions on democratic stability.Google Scholar

39. Becker, Josef, “Joseph Wirth und die Krise des Zentrums während des IV. Kabinetts Marx,” Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins 109 (1961) 386–87; Heidelberger Tageblatt, 5 July 1927; Berliner Tageblatt, 22 July 1927, 7 Aug. 1927, 13 Aug. 1927, 28 Aug. 1927; Knapp, , “Joseph Wirth,” 185–88.Google Scholar

40. Heidelberger Tageblatt, 26 July 1927; NL Marx/239.Google Scholar

41. Kölnische Volkszeitung, 4 Sept. 1927; Becker, , “Joseph Wirth,” 392–98; Evans, , Center Party, 332–33; NL Marx/240; Heidelberger Tageblatt, 6 Sept. 1927, 12 Sept. 1927, 29 Sept. 1927.Google Scholar

42. DVP interpellations of 7 April 1927 and 2 June 1927, GLA Karlsruhe, 233 (Ministry of State)/13048 (government documents); Verhandlungen des Badischen Landtags, vol. 552, 31st sitting, 2 June 1927 (Karlsruhe, 1927), 1187–1229.Google Scholar

43. GLA Karlsruhe, 233 (Ministry of State)/13048 (press clippings); Heidelberger Tageblatt, 23 July 1927, 25 July 1927, 30 July 1927, 17 Aug. 1927; Volksfreund, 4 Aug. 1927; Volkswacht, 5 Aug. 1927; Frankfurter Nachrichten, 9 Aug. 1927; General-Anzeiger für Südwestdeutschland, 12 Aug. 1927; Berliner Tageblatt, 17 Aug. 1927, 24 Aug. 1927; Süddeutscher Zeitung, 18 Aug. 1927.Google Scholar

44. Stresemann, , Vermächtnis, 1:2–15, 83–84, 96, 129, 156–58, 230–31, 285–86, 319–21, 353, 530, 534–35, 543–47; ibid., 2:29, 301–3, 312–15, 325–32, 335–45, 377–80; ibid, 3:86–90, 290, 428–33, 439, 460–67; Döhn, , Politik und Interesse, 59, 381–95; Jones, Larry E., “Between the Fronts: The German National Union of Commercial Employees from 1928 to 1933,” Journal of Modern History 48 (1976): 465–69; Stresemann, Gustav, Nationale Realpolitik: Rede auf dem 6. Parteitag der Deutschen Volkspartei in Dortmund am 14. November 1924, Flugschriften der DVP, no. 56 (Berlin, 1924), 19–32; Stresemann, Gustav, ed., Deutscher Liberalismus (Berlin, 1925), 5–9.Google Scholar

45. Stresemann, to Kahl, , 13 Mar. 1929, in Stresemann, , Vermächtnis, 3:439; Streseman, , Vermächtnis, 3:267–71; Stresemann, to Scholz, , Kempkes, , and Curtius, , 6 Feb. 1928, ibid., 274; Stresemann, to Weismann, , 15 Feb. 1928, ibid., 274–75; Stresemann, to Löbe, , 18 Feb. 1928, ibid., 275.Google Scholar

46. Tägliche Rundschau, 12 Sept. 1927, 6 Oct. 1927, 5 Nov. 1927, 17 Nov. 1927, 24 Jan. 1928; Frankfurter Zeitung, 17 Oct. 1927, 25 Oct. 1927, 28 Oct. 1927, 29 Oct. 1927; Heidelberger Tageblatt, 24 Jan. 1927, 5 Apr. 1927, 20 Apr. 1927, 17 Aug. 1927, 27 Aug. 1927, 10 Sept. 1927, 6 Oct. 1927, 29 Oct. 1927, 8 Nov. 1927, 9 Nov. 1927, 10 Nov. 1927, 16 Nov. 1927, 25 Jan. 1928; Badische Presse, 8 Sept. 1927, 9 Sept. 1927, 6 Oct. 1927, 17 Oct. 1927, 24 Jan. 1928, 26 Jan. 1928, 27 Jan. 1928; Badische Schulzeitung, no. 64, 1927.Google Scholar

47. Badische Schulzeitung, no. 64, 1927; Heidelberger Tageblatt, 24 Jan. 1927, 30 Apr. 1927, 17 Aug. 1927, 29 Oct. 1927; Der Beamte, 1 Oct. 1926, 1 May 1927; GLA Karlsruhe, 69/N/155 (Nachlass Hellpach); Verhandlungen Badischen Landtags, 552:1187–95; GLA Karlsruhe, 233 (Ministry of State)/13048 (press clippings); Badische Presse, 17 Oct. 1927.Google Scholar

48. Stresemann, Gustav, Student und Staat, Herausgegeben im Auftrage der Reichsgeschäftsstelle der Deutschen Volkspartei (Berlin, 1928), 10–19, 26–33; Stresemann, , Deutscher Liberalismus, 10–20.Google Scholar

49. Heidelberger Tageblatt, 8 Aug. 1927; Stachura, Peter D., “Der kritische Wendepunkt? Die NSDAP und die Reichstagswahlen vom 20 Mai 1928,” Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 26 (1978); 66–99; Grill, Johnpeter Horst, “The Nazi Party's Rural Propaganda before 1928,” Central European History 15 (1982): 149–85; Grill, Johnpeter Horst, The Nazi Movement in Baden, 1920–1945 (Chapel Hill, 1983), 55–64, 132–60; Faris, Ellsworth, “Take-Off Point for the National Socialist Party: The Landtag Election in Baden, 1929,” Central European History, 8 (1975): 156–62.Google Scholar

50. Verhandlungen des Reichstags, III. Wahlperiode 1924, vol. 394, 339th sitting, 18 Oct. 1927 (Berlin, 1928), 11501D-11503D, 11538D-11545D; Badische Presse, 6 Oct. 1927; Heidelberger Tageblatt, 6 Oct. 1927; Tägliche Rundschau, 6 Oct. 1927; Frankfurter Zeitung, 8 Oct. 1927; Grünthal, , Reichsschulgesetz, 215, 217–19, 231; Meetings of Center Zentralvorstand, 14 and 16 Sept. 1927, 8 Oct. 1927, in Morsey, , Protokolle, 141, 143–44.Google Scholar

51. GLA Karlsruhe, 233 (Ministry of State)/13048 (government documents); Frankfurter Zeitung, 15 Oct. 1927, 17 Oct. 1927; Tägliche Rundschau, 15 Oct. 1927, 16 Oct. 1927; Badische Presse, 17 Oct. 1927. The Baden government, despite clear Landtag instructions to the contrary, voted for the school bill, an action that Baden liberals regarded as furnishing graphic evidence of Catholic foul play.Google Scholar

52. Verhandlungen des Reichstags, 394:11531D–11538D.Google Scholar

53. Ibid., 11538D–11545D.Google Scholar

54. Ibid., 11517D–11523D, 11589A-11594D.Google Scholar

55. Heidelberger Tageblatt, 3 Nov. 1927, 5 Nov. 1927; Berliner Tageblatt, 5 Nov. 1927; Tägliche Rundschau, 3 Nov. 1927, 5 Nov. 1927.Google Scholar

56. Meeting of Center parliamentary group, 27 Oct. 1927, in Morsey, , Protokolle, 150; GLA Karlsruhe 233 (Ministry of State)/13048 (government documents).Google Scholar

57. GLA Karlsruhe, 233 (Ministry of State)/13048 (government documents); GLA Karlsruhe, 69/ N/306 (NL Hellpach); Heidelberger Tageblatt, 8 Nov. 1927, 9 Nov. 1927, 10 Nov. 1927, 12 Nov. 1927, 16 Nov. 1927; Berliner Tageblatt, 11 Nov. 1927, 17 Nov. 1927, 24 Nov. 1927; Frankfurter Zeitung, 8 Nov. 1927; Tägliche Rundschau, 13 Nov. 1927, 17 Nov. 1927, 21 Nov. 1927, 22 Nov. 1927; Meeting of Center Zentralvorstand, 10 Nov. 1927, in Morsey, , Protokolle, 151.Google Scholar

58. Braun, , Vom Weimar, 123, 230; Evans, , “The Center Wages Kulturpolitik,” 155; Meeting of Reichstag education committee, 9 Dec. 1927, Koblenz, Bundesarchiv (BA Koblenz), R43 I/2660; Meeting of Center parliamentary group, 6 Dec. 1927, in Morsey, , Protokolle, 162; Badischer Beobachter, 7 Jan. 1928.Google Scholar

59. NL Marx/338; Badische Presse, 1 Jan. 1928, 4 Jan. 1928; Badischer Beobachter, 7 Jan. 1928, 10 Jan. 1928; Tägliche Rundschau, 3 Jan. 1928; Germania, 5 Jan. 1928; Frankfurter Zeitung, 5 Jan. 1928, 6 Jan. 1928, 10 Jan. 1928; Grünthal, , Reichsschulgesetz, 240, 243.Google Scholar

60. Stresemann, to Weismann, , 15 Feb. 1928, Vermächtnis, 3:274; Stresemann, to Pünder, , 20 Feb. 1928, ibid., 3:276–77.Google Scholar

61. Frankfurter Zeitung, 11 Jan. 1928; Badische Presse, 17 Jan. 1928.Google Scholar

62. Hindenburg, to Marx, , 9 Feb. 1928, BA Koblenz/118 (Nachlass Pünder); Heidelberger Tageblatt, 11 Feb. 1928, 13 Feb. 1928; Frankfurter Zeitung, 11 Feb. 1928, 15 Feb. 1928, 16 Feb. 1928; Badische Presse, 11 Feb. 1928, 14 Feb. 1928, 15 Feb. 1928; Tägliche Rundschau, 12 Feb. 1928, 13 Feb. 1928, 15 Feb. 1928, 16 Feb. 1928; Badischer Beobachter, 11 Feb. 1928; Meetings of Center Zentralvorstand and parliamentary group, 10, 13, 14, and 15 Feb. 1928, in Morsey, , Protokolle, 182–88; Pünder to Stresemann, 13 Feb. 1928, BA Koblenz, R43/I/677.Google Scholar

63. Frankfurter Zeitung, 2 Apr. 1928; Wielandt, , “Schule und Politik,” 240–43; Föhr, Ernst, Geschichte des Badischen Konkordats (Freiburg, 1958), 55; Evans, , Center Party, 345–46.Google Scholar

64. Badische Presse, 1 Apr. 1928, 13 May 1928; Stresemann to Weismann, 15 Feb. 1928, Vermächtnis, 3:273–74; Stresemann to Löbe, 18 Feb. 1928, ibid., 3:274–75; Stresemann to Pünder, 20 Feb. 1928, ibid., 3:276–77.Google Scholar

65. Frankfurter Zeitung, 2 Apr. 1928.Google Scholar

66. Tägliche Rundschau, 22 Feb. 1928, 26 Feb. 1928.Google Scholar

67. Kölnische Zeitung, 1 Apr. 1928; Tägliche Rundschau, 15 Mar. 1928; Badische Presse, 1 Apr. 1928, 15 May 1928; Heidelberger Tageblatt, 23 Apr. 1928.Google Scholar

68. Heidelberger Tageblatt, 18 Feb. 1928, 3 Apr. 1928, 17 Apr. 1928.Google Scholar

69. Badische Presse, 1 Apr. 1928, 3 Apr. 1928, 13 Apr. 1928, 11 May 1928, 15 May 1928; Frankfurter Zeitung, 10 Apr. 1928, 13 Apr. 1928, 23 Apr 1928.Google Scholar

70. Frankfurter Zeitung, 13 Apr. 1928; Kölnische Zeitung, 13 Apr. 1928; Grünthal, , Reichsschulgesetz, 245–52.Google Scholar

71. Wielandt, , “Schule und Politik,” 257–59, 262; Köhler, , Lebenserinnerungen, 265.Google Scholar

72. Frankfurter Zeitung, 10 Apr. 1928, 16 May 1928.Google Scholar

73. Badische Presse, 1 Apr. 1928, 8 May 1928, 11 May 1928; Kölnische Zeitung, 1 Apr. 1928, 13 Apr. 1928, 8 May 1928, 9 May 1928; Frankfurter Zeitung, 3 May 1928, 8 May 1928; Tägliche Rundschau, 13 Apr. 1928, 27 Apr. 1928.Google Scholar

74. Heidelberger Tageblatt, 3 Apr. 1928, 25 Apr. 1928, 9 May 1928, 15 May 1928; Badische Presse, 15 May 1928, 19 May 1928.Google Scholar

75. Wielandt, , “Schule und Politik,” 240–41; NL Marx/75, “Erinnerungsbericht,” undated (probably written 1934/1935), 1; Frankfurter Zeitung , 12 Apr. 1928, 13 Apr. 1928, 15 Apr. 1928; Badische Schulzeitung, no. 66, 1928, p. 509.Google Scholar

76. Der Führer (Karlsruhe), 5 Nov. 1927, 19 Nov. 1927, 26 Nov. 1927, 24 Dec. 1927, 7 Jan. 1928, 21 Jan. 1928, 10 Mar. 1928, 17 Mar. 1928, 24 Mar. 1928, 14 Apr. 1928, 21 Apr. 1928, 28 Apr. 1928, 5 May 1928, 19 May 1928, 26 May 1928; GLA Karlsruhe, 234 (Justice Ministry)/5738 (police reports); Grill, , Nazi Movement, 55–64, 132–62.Google Scholar

77. GLA Karlsruhe, 234 (Justice Ministry)/5738 (police reports); Der Führer, 10 Mar. 1928, 17 Mar. 1928, 24 Mar. 1928, 14 Apr. 1928, 21 Apr. 1928, 28 Apr. 1928, 5 May 1928, 19 May 1928; Grill, , Nazi Movement, 161–62.Google Scholar

78. Badische Presse, 13 May 1928, 15 May 1928, 19 May 1928, 20 May 1928; Heidelberger Tageblatt, 15 May 1928, 16 May 1928; Kölnische Zeitung, 9 May 1928, 14 May 1928, 16 May 1928; Frankfurter Zeitung, 16 May 1928.Google Scholar

79. Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich , Herausgegeben vom Statistischen Reichsamt, vol. 49, 1930 (Berlin, 1930), 561–65; Badische Zentrumspresse-Korrespondenz, 22 May 1928; Germania, 22 May 1928; Evans, , “The Center Wages Kulturpolitik,” 158; Becker, , “Joseph Wirth,” 422–24.Google Scholar

80. Kölnische Zeitung, 22 May 1928; Heidelberger Tageblatt, 22 May 1928; Badische Presse, 21 May 1928.Google Scholar

81. Statistisches Jahrbuch, 49:561–65; Kölnische Zeitung, 21 May 1928, 22 May 1928; Tägliche Rundschau, 23 May 1928; Badische Presse, 21 May 1928; Frankfurter Zeitung, 21 May 1928; Die Reichstagswahl am 20. Mai 1928 in Baden, Bearbeitet im Badischen Statistischen Landesamt (Karlsruhe, 1928), 78–81.Google Scholar