Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T21:23:37.008Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Finding Bosutswe: Archeological Encounters with the Past1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 May 2014

James Denbow ,
Morongwa Mosothwane  and
Nonofho Mathibidi Ndobochani
James Denbow
Affiliation:
University of Texas–Austin
Morongwa Mosothwane
Affiliation:
University of the Witwatersrand
Nonofho Mathibidi Ndobochani
Affiliation:
National Museum of Botswana
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Bi-lingual, Bi-cultural

able to slip from “How's life”

to M'estan volviendo loca,

able to sit in a paneled office

drafting memos in smooth English,

able to order in fluent Spanish

at a Mexican restaurant,

American but hyphenated,

viewed by Anglos as perhaps exotic,

perhaps inferior, definitely different,

viewed by Mexicans as alien

(their eyes say, “You may speak

Spanish but you're not like me”)

an American to Mexicans

a Mexican to Americans

a handy token

sliding back and forth

between the fringes of both worlds

by smiling

by masking the discomfort

of being pre-judged

Bi-laterally.

This paper presents a micro-scale examination of archeological field praxis and its impact on archeologists, students (foreign and indigenous), and the local communities that both host and labor for them. It is a reflexive journey that attempts to bring coherence to the multiple and changing registers of meaning, contradiction, and transformation that have taken place during excavations at Bosutswe in “post-colonial” Botswana. We discuss our interactions with one another and our encounters with “the past” as we sought to validate, transform, or escape the contemporary entanglements of multilateral “pre-judgments” that have their roots deep in the soil of colonial encounter.

Pat Mora in her short poem, Two Worlds, captures some of the contradictions inherent in a post-modern, post-colonial, transnational world, where one is sometimes offered the possibility of inhabiting multiple universes, with multiple cultural and linguistic positionalities, and sometimes even trans-ethnic or transnational identities as possible choices.

Type
Research Article
Information
History in Africa , Volume 35 , January 2008 , pp. 145 - 190
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

The authors are grateful for the graciousness of the Bosutswe people who hosted us over several field seasons of work. We are also grateful to the University of Botswana archeology students who provided many fresh, new voices as they added to our discussions of the past (and present). We are indebted to several readers who provided comments and suggestions: Maria Franklin, Denné Reed, Zacharys Gundu, Carla Klehm, Polly Strong, K. Kris Hirst, Kirsten Atwood, and Jan Vansina. Finally, we acknowledge the National Science Foundation for funding the 1990, 2001, and 2002 excavations at Bosutswe.

References

2 Mora, Pat, My Own True Name (Houston, 2000), 39Google Scholar.

3 For recent excavation results at Bosutswe see Denbow, James, Smith, Jeanette, Atwood, Kirsten, Ndobochani, Nonofho, and Miller, Duncan, “Excavations at Bosutswe, Botswana: Cultural Chronology, Paleo-Ecology and Economy,” Journal of Archeological Science 35(2008), 459–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Denbow, James and Miller, Duncan, “Metal Working at Bosutswe, Botswana,” Journal of African Archeology 5(2007), 3–46Google Scholar.

4 Phillipson, David, “Early Iron Using Peoples of Southern Africa” in African Societies in Southern Africa: Historical Studies, ed. Thompson, Leonard (London, 1969), 35Google Scholar.

5 Tagart, E., Report on the Conditions Existing Among the Masarwa in the Bamangwato Reserve of the Bechuanaland Protectorate and Certain Other Matters Appertaining to the Natives Living Therein (Pretoria, 1933)Google Scholar. Nyati-Ramahobo, L., “The Language Situation in Botswana,” Current Issues in Language 1(2000), 243–300CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

6 Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, The Post-Colonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues (New York, 1990)Google Scholar.

7 Schapera, Isaac, The Ethnic Composition of the Tswana Tribes (London, 1952)Google Scholar; Sillery, Anthony, The Bechuanaland Protectorate (London, 1952)Google Scholar; Kuper, Adam, “The Kgalagadi in the Nineteenth Century,” Botswana Notes and Records 2(1969), 45–51Google Scholar; Tlou, Thomas, A History of Ngamiland, 1750 to 1906: the Formation of an African State (Gaborone, 1985)Google Scholar; Ellenberger, V. F., “History and Pre-history in Botswana,” Botswana Notes and Records 4(1972), 135–38Google Scholar.

8 Fabian, Johannes, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object (New York, 1983)Google Scholar.

9 Nyati-Ramahobo, “Language Situation.”

10 Sir Seretse Khama, speech of Chancellor at University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland graduation ceremony, 15 May 1970; Botswana Daily News, 19 May 1970, supplement.

11 The Tswana term is generally used to refer to the origins of peoples or nations, rather than chronologically or historically ordered events, or cultural history.

12 Schapera, Isaac, A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom (London, 1955)Google Scholar.

13 Mosothwane, Morongwa, “An Ethnographic Study of Initiation Schools among the Bakgatla bo ga Kgafela in Mochudi (1874-1988),” Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies 15(2001), 144–65Google Scholar.

14 Denbow, James, “Cenchrus ciliaris: an Ecological Indicator of Iron Age Middens using Aerial Photography in Eastern Botswana,” South African Journal of Science 75(1979), 405–08Google Scholar; Denbow, James and Denbow, Jocelyne, Uncovering Botswana's Past (Gaborone, 1990)Google Scholar.

15 For additional examples of stories about Kgwanyape, see Schapera, Isaac, Rainmaking Rites of Tswana Tribes (Leiden, 1971)Google Scholar.

16 Raffle, J.A., Place Names Commission: Second List of Names and Recommended Spellings (Gaborone, 1981)Google Scholar.

17 Ellenberger, V. F., “Preliminary Notes on Known Sites of Archeological, Ethnological and Historical Interest in the Bechuanaland Protectorate.” Unpublished manuscript on file at the National Museum of Botswana, (Gaborone, 1937)Google Scholar.

18 Denbow, “Cenchrus ciliaris.”

19 Durham, Deborah, “Disappearing Youth: Youth as a Social Shifter in Botswana,” American Ethnologist 31(2004), 593–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

20 Lee, Richard, “Eating Christmas in the Kalahari,” Natural History (December 1969), 14-22, 60–63Google Scholar.

21 Lucas, Gavin, The Archeology of Time (London, 2005)Google Scholar.

22 “di-” is the prefix used to make artifacts “plural” for this noun class in Tswana.

23 For more discussion of cardinal directions, burials, and the ancestral world see Denbow, James, “Heart and Soul: Glimpses of Ideology and Cosmology in the Iconography of Tombstones from the Loango Coast of Central Africa,” Journal of American Folklore 112(1999), 404–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Denbow/Miller, “Metalworking.”

24 For the origins of this debate, see Denbow, James, “Prehistoric Herders and Foragers of the Kalahari: the Evidence for 1500 Years of Interaction” in Past and Present in Hunter Gatherer Studies, ed. Schrire, C., (Orlando, 1984), 175–93Google Scholar; Denbow, James and Wilmsen, Edwin, “The Advent and Course of Pastoralism in the Kalahari,” Science 234(1986), 1509–15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Solway, J. and Lee, R., “Foragers, Genuine or Spurious? Situating the Kalahari San in History,” Current Anthropology 31(1990), 109–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wilmsen, Edwin and Denbow, James, “Paradigmatic History of San-Speaking Peoples and Current Attempts at Revision,” Current Anthropology 31(1990), 489–524CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

25 Following Fabian's use of this term in his Time.

26 Simpson, John, “Diamonds Are Curse of Ancient Bushmen,” Daily Telegraph (8 November 2002)Google Scholar.

27 Ibid., emphasis mine.

28 Denbow, James, “Stolen Places: Archeology and the Politics of Identity in the Later Pre-history of the Kalahari” in Falola, Toyin and Jennings, Christian, eds., Africanizing Knowledge: African Studies across the Disciplines (New Brunswick NJ, 2002), 345–74Google Scholar; Fabian, Time; Stahl, Ann Brower, “Introduction: Changing Perspectives on Africa's Past” in African Archeology: a Critical Introduction, ed. Stahl, A., (Maiden, 2005), 6Google Scholar. Wilmsen/Denbow, “Paradigmatic.”

29 For use of concepts of essentialized and static concepts such as “encapsulation” see Sadr, Karim, “Kalahari Archeology and the Bushman Debate,” Current Anthropology, 38(1997), 104–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Lee, Richard B. and Daly, Richard Heywood, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers (Cambridge, U.K.; New York, NY, 1999)Google Scholar.

30 Filmed interview of Motofela Molato at Khubu la Dintša, July 2002. Video CD on file at the National Museum of Botswana, translation by Nonofho Ndobochani.

31 Ibid.

32 For examples of the use of circled crosses see Denbow, “Heart and Soul;” Janzen, John and MacGaffey, Wyatt, An Anthology of Kongo Religion: Primary Texts from Lower Zaïre (Lawrence, 1974)Google Scholar; and Thompson, Robert Farris and Cornet, Joseph, The Four Moments of the Sun: Kongo Art in Two Worlds (Washington, 1981)Google Scholar.

33 For examples of dung deposits as favored locations of burials in Botswana see Denbow, James, “The Toutswe Tradition: a Study in Socio-economic Change” in Hitchcock, Renee and Smith, Mary, eds., Settlement in Botswana (Johannesburg, 1982), 73–87Google Scholar; Denbow, James, “Iron Age Economics: Herding, Wealth and Politics along the Fringes of the Kalahari Desert during the Early Iron Age” (PhD., Indiana, 1983)Google Scholar; idem., “A New Look at the Later Prehistory of the Kalahari,” JAH 27(1986), 3-28; Denbow/Miller, “Metal-working.”

34 Motofela Molato, Khubu la Dintša, July 2002.

35 Denbow/Denbow, Uncovering Botswana's Past.

36 Interview with Nurse Bakwena, Mashoro Clinic, August 2002.

37 Dow, Unity, Juggling Truths (Melbourne, 2003), 130Google Scholar.

38 Mosothwane, Morongwa, “Skeletal Characteristics and Population Demography as Reflected by Materials from Toutswe Tradition Sites in Eastern Botswana, West of the Shashe-Limpopo basin” (M.Sc. thesis, Pretoria, 2004)Google Scholar; see also Mosothwane, Morongwa and Steyn, Myrna, “Palaeodemography of Early Iron Age Toutswe Communities in Botswana,” South African Archeological Bulletin 59(2004), 45–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

39 I am indebted to Dr. Zacharys Gundu for this point.

40 Hitchcock, Robert, “‘We are the First People’: Land, Natural Resources and Identity in the Central Kalahari, Botswana,” Journal of Southern African Studies 28(2002), 797–824CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wilmsen, Edwin, “Mutable Identities: Moving beyond Ethnicity in Botswana,” Journal of Southern African Studies 28(2002), 825–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar.