* I am indebted to Mr. A. D. M. Phillips and Dr. F. Celoria of the University of Keele for bibliographic advice. Dr. A. F. Pitty of the University of Hull supervised the field-work, which was financed by a Studentship from the Natural Environment Research Council, London.

¹ Smith, C. I., “Aelred's Immersion,” HTR 62 (1969) 429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁴ Published under the title De vita eremitica, ad sororem liber, PL (Sancti Aurelii Augustini Hipponensis Episcopi Opera Omnia, vol. 1)32. cols. 1451–74; see cap. 27, col. 1460. Also in Talbot, C. H., “The ‘De institutione inclusarum’ of Ailred of Rievaulx,” Analecta Sacri Ordinis Cisterciencis 7 (1951) 167–217Google Scholar; English trans, in Webb, G. and Walker, A., eds., A Letter to His Sister by Saint Aelred of Rievaulx (London: Mowbray, 1957).Google Scholar

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⁶ Most of them are described in D. Luckhurst, Monastic Watermills: A Study of the Mills within English Monastic Precincts (Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, Wind and Watermill Section, booklet 8; 1964). There is also some discussion in Sharpe, E., The Architecture of the Cistercians, Part I. General Plan (London: Spon, 1874) 24–25.Google Scholar

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⁸ The Instituta generalis capituli apud Cistercium, Ch. 1, contains the regulation: “None of our monasteries is to be constructed in towns, castles, or villages, but in places remote from human intercourse,” in Guignard, P., Analecta Divionensia: les monuments primitifs de la Règle Cistercienne. publ. d'après les manuscrits de l'Abbaye de Citeaux (Dijon: 1878) 30Google Scholar; English trans, from Braunfels, W., Monasteries of Western Europe: The Architecture of the Orders (London: Thames & Hudson, 1972) 243.Google Scholar

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¹⁰ Descriptio positionis seu situationis Monasterii Clarae-Vallensis, PL (S. Bernardi Abbatis Primi Clarae-Vallensis Opera Omnia, vol. 4) 185. cols. 569–74. Partial English trans, in W. Braunfels, Monasteries, 245, and complete English trans, in Fowler, J. T., “An Old Description of the Site of the Cistercian Abbey of Clairvaux,” Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 19 (1907) 1–18.Google Scholar

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¹⁴ Powicke, Walteri Danielis Vila Aelredi, lvi; cf. Powicke, “Ailred of Rievaulx,” 453.

¹⁵ Lamb, H. H., “Britain's Climate in the Past,” in his The Changing Climate: Selected Papers (London: Methuen, 1966) 170–95; esp. 187.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Lamb, “Britain's Climate,” 186.