1 European Constitutional Treaty, Preamble of Part I.Google Scholar

2 European Constitutional Treaty, Part II: Charter of fundamental rights of European UnionGoogle Scholar

3 Charter of fundamental rights of European Union, art. 22.Google Scholar

4 Weiler, J.H., European Democracy and the Principle of Constitutional Tolerance: The Soul of Europe, in A soul for Europe I (F. Cerutti and E. Rudolph eds., 2001).Google Scholar

5 Bellamy, R. and Warleigh, R., Cementing the Union: The Role of European Citizenship, in A soul for Europe I (F. Cerutti and E. Rudolph eds., 2001).Google Scholar

6 J.H.Weiler, supra note 4, at 35.Google Scholar

7 J.H.Weiler, supra note 4, at 53.Google Scholar

8 J.H.Weiler, supra note 4, at 53.Google Scholar

9 “Cosmopolitans accept individuals have different identities that reflect a given social background, culture, and other emotional commitments. But they view these as a private affair that ought not to influence political decision-making. Communitarians by the contrast, see a common identity stemming from such sources ad crucial in defining who is a citizen and explaining why and how a given people do politics together. Communitarian citizens are attached to the state because they feel it is theirs more than for the benefits it provides for them. “ Bellamy, R. and Warleigh, R., supra note 5, at 62.Google Scholar

10 “By the contrast to cosmopolitans, communitarians do not think rights precede democracy and constrain democratic decisions. Instead, they emerge from a democratic process and stem from formulation of common policies”, Bellamy, R. and Warleigh, R., supra note 5, at 63.Google Scholar

11 Bellamy, R. and Warleigh, R., supra note 5, at 69.Google Scholar

12 Bellamy, R. and Warleigh, R., supra note 5, at 69.Google Scholar

13 For a similar but also different attempt to apply the notion complexity see: M.Delmas Marty, Can We Facilitate the Transitions Between Horizontal Cooperation and Vertical Harmonisation Necessary to Create a Universal Legal Order?(2007), http://www.axess.se/english/2006/04/theme_delmasmarty.php Google Scholar

14 In mathematics a number is defined as compound (conceived as complex) when it is formed by a real number plus (or minus) an imaginary number (example: 3+2i is a compound number). In sociology “the complexity is the dilation of possibilities of experience and action of the subjects, caused by an evolutionary trend which increases the functional differentiation, the specification and autonomy of the primary subsystems of the social system, of the economy, of science, of policy, of family and personal relations” (D.Zolo, L'analisi sistemica del Welfare State, in D.Zolo (a cura di), Complessità e democrazia, Torino, , Giappichelli, 1987, 106). For Jung complex is “a structured and active set of representations, thoughts and remembrances partially or fully unconscious and with strong affective potential” (voce Complesso: Dizionario di psicologia 196–197(U. Galimberti ed. 1992)). Among Jung's works on this topic: C.G.Jung, Considerazioni generali sulla teoria dei complessi (1934) in Opere, 1976, Vol. III, 1976). For the medieval logicians a complex term is composed of different words (example: “white man “ or “rational animal”) while incomplexum means isolated (voce: “Complesso”, Dizionario di filosofia 134 (N.Abbagnano ed. 1968)). For a physicist a system is complex if it is characterized by the following features: non reducibility to its parts, unpredictability of its dynamics, non reversibility and non determinability (I.Prigogine- I.Stengers, La nuova alleanza, Torino, Einaudi, 1999). For a jurist an act is complex if it is the result of the expression of the wills of many subjects who have the same aim; their wills lose their individuality in this interpenetration. In this sense “complex” is different from “collective” (L.Bigliazzi Geri, U.Breccia, F.D.Busnelli, U.Natoli, Diritto civile, Vol. I Tomo II, Torino, UTET, 2000, 546- 547).Google Scholar

15 G.Widmann, Identità e diversità, Il Margine, n. 4, 2001, http://archivio.ilmargine.it/archivio/2001/f4.htm.Google Scholar

16 V.Loreto, Non equilibrio e complessità, http://www.mosac.com Google Scholar

17 Among his works: E. Morin, Introduzione al pensiero complesso (Sperling & Kupfer 1993), and Conoscenza della conoscenza, (Feltrinelli 1989). About Morin's thought: Sandri, M., La complessità: verità acquisite e falsi miti, 7 Kéiron. 98 (2001). About the Europe as complex: E. Morin, Pensare l'Europa, (Feltrinelli 1988).Google Scholar

18 In the history of philosophy there are three main definitions of identity: identity as convention (F. Waismann), identity as unity of substance (Aristotele) and identity as substitutability (G.Liebniz). For a summary of these opinions: Dizionario di filosofia 446–447 (N.Abbagnano ed. 1960).Google Scholar

19 Case C-26/62, Van Gend en Loos, 1963 E.C.R. 3.Google Scholar

20 Constiituzione (Italian Constitution), art. 11.Google Scholar

21 Constituzione (Italian Constitution), art. 101.Google Scholar

22 See Pollicino, O., Legal Reasoning of the Court of Justice in the Context of the Principle of Equality Between Judicial Activism and Self-restraint, 5 German Law Journal 3 (2004), available at http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=402.Google Scholar

23 Case C-450/93, Kalanke v. Freie Hansestadt Bremen, 1995 E.C.R. I-3051.Google Scholar

24 Case C-409/95, Marschall v. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, 1997 R.a.c.c. I-6363.Google Scholar

25 Case C-249/96, Grant c. South West Trains Ltd., 1998 E.C.R. I-2143.Google Scholar

26 Case C-171/88, P / S and Cornwall County Council, 1996 E.C.R. I-2143.Google Scholar

²⁷ “A directive shall be binding, as to the result to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed, but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods.” European Community Treaty, Art. 249.Google Scholar

28 Grimm, D., Una costituzione per l'Europa?, in Il futuro della costituzione 339- 367 (J. Luther, P.P. Portinaio and G. Zagrebelsky eds. 1996).Google Scholar

29 See Walker, N., Sovereignty in Transition (2003).Google Scholar

30 Case C-26/62, Van Gend en Loos, 1963 E.C.R. 3.Google Scholar

31 Case C- 6/64, Costa v. ENEL, 1964 E.C.R. 1141.Google Scholar

32 J.Habermas, Una costituzione per l'Europa?Osservazioni su Dieter Grimm, in Il futuro della costituzione 339- 367, 369- 375 (J. Luther, P.P. Portinaio and G. Zagrebelsky eds., 1996).Google Scholar

33 Treaty on European Union (TEU), art. 6Google Scholar

34 European Community Treaty (ECT), art. 288Google Scholar

35 Pernice, I., Multilevel Constitutionalism and the Treaty of Amsterdam: European Constitution Making-Revisited?, CMLR 703–750, 707 (1999).Google Scholar

36 Pernice, I., Multilevel constitutionalism in the European Union, (Working Paper, 5/02, 4), available at: http://www.rewi.hu-berlin.de/WHI/papers/whipapers502/constitutionalism.pdf.Google Scholar

37 de la Rochere-I.Pernice, J. Dutheil, European Union Law and national constitutions, WHI-paper, 17/02, 21.Google Scholar

38 Corte Costituzionale, sent. 372/2004. About this A.Vespaziani, Principi e valori negli Statuti regionali: much ado about nothing?, available at http://www.associazionedeicostituzionalisti.it/dibattiti/riforma/vespaziani.html; Rossi, E., Principi e diritti nei nuovi Statuti regionali, Riv.dir.cost. 51–96 (2005).Google Scholar

39 Although the author seems to “touch on” this level in some papers: for example, I.Pernice-R.Kantiz, Fundamental rights and multilevel constitutionalism in Europe, WHI paper 7/2004.Google Scholar

40 Case C-36/75, Roland Rutili v Ministre de l'intérieur, 1975 E.C.R. 1219.Google Scholar

41 Case C-260/89, Elliniki Radiophonia Tiléorassi AE and Panellinia Omospondia Syllogon Prossopikou v Dimotiki Etairia Pliroforissis and Sotirios Kouvelas and Nicolaos Avdellas and others, 1991 E.C.R. I-2925.Google Scholar

⁴² Case C-44/79, Liselotte Hauer v Land Rheinland-Pfalz, 1979 E.C.R. 3727.Google Scholar

43 See, Case T-112/98, Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG/Commissione, 2001 E.C.R. 729. See also, Matthews v. Regno Unito 1999 R.U.D.H. 263.Google Scholar

44 European Community Treaty (ECT), art. 295.Google Scholar

45 Case C-34/79, Henn and Derby, 1979 E.C.R. 3795.Google Scholar

46 Case C-182/83, Fearon c. Irish Land Commission, 1984 E.C.R. 3677.Google Scholar

47 Case C-348/96, Calfa, , 1999 E.C.R. 11.Google Scholar

48 Case C-151/78, Nykobing, Sukkerfrabiken, 1979 E.C.R. 1147.Google Scholar

49 Case C-172/99, Liikenne, , 2001 E.C.R. 475.Google Scholar

50 Court d'Arbitrage, 19 February 1997, n. 6/97.Google Scholar

51 Verfassungsgerichtshof, 10 March 1999, B 2251/97, B 2594/97.Google Scholar

52 BVerfGE, 37, 321.Google Scholar

53 Corte Costituzionale n. 180/74: “nella sent. n. 183 del 27 dicembre 1973, già avvertito come la legge di esecuzione del Trattato possa andar soggetta al suo sindacato, in riferimento ai principi fondamentali del nostro ordinamento costituzionale e ai diritti inalienabili della persona umana». See: M.Cartabia, Principi inviolabili e integrazione europea, Giuffrè, Milano, 1995Google Scholar

54 But see also Conseil d'Etat, dec. Sarran, 30 October 1998; Cour de Cassation, dec. Fraisse, 2 june 2000; Conseil d'Etat, dec. SNIP, 3 December 2001. In addition see: Conseil Constitutionel 2004–496–497–498–499 DC 2004–505 DCGoogle Scholar

55 Conseil Constitutionnel, 2004–505 DC.Google Scholar

56 Conseil Constitutionnel, 2004–496/497 DC.Google Scholar

57 Declaracion of the Tribunal Constitucional 1/2004. About this point see: V.Ferreres Comella, La Constitución española ante la clausola de primacia del Derecho de la Unión europea. Un comentario a la Declaración 1/2004 del Tribunal Constitucional 1/2004, in A.Lopez Castillo-A.Saiz Arnaiz-V.Ferreres Comella, Constitución española y constitución europea, 2005, 77–100, 80–89 and A.Saiz Arnaiz, De primacia, supremazia y derechos fundamentales en la Europa integrada: la Declaración del Tribunal Constitucional de 13diciembre de 2004 y el Tratado por el que establece una Constitución para Europa, Ibidem, 51–75Google Scholar

58 Mc Whirter and Gouriet v Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, [2003], EWCA civ 384. See,: A.Biondi, Principio di supremazia e “Costituzione” inglese. I due casi “Martiri del sistema metrico” e “Mc Whirter and Gouriet”, available at: www.forumcostituzionale.it.Google Scholar

59 BVerfGE 73, 339.Google Scholar

60 BVerfGE 89, 155.Google Scholar

61 BVerfGE 102, 147.Google Scholar

62 Case C-11/70, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v. Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel, E.C.R. 1125.Google Scholar

63 Case T-231/02, Gonelli e Aifo c. Commissione, available at: www.curia.eu.int.Google Scholar

64 A.Ruggeri, “Tradizioni costituzionali comuni”e “controlimiti”, tra teoria delle fonti e teoria dell'interpretazione, Dir. Pub. Comp. E. Eur., 102–120 (2003).Google Scholar

65 About the interpretative method of the Court, see Bengoetxea, J., The legal reasoning of the European Court of justice (1993); Bengoetxtea, J. and MacCormick, N. and Moral Soriano, L., Integration in the Legal Reasoning of the European Court of justice, in The European Court of Justice 43–85 (J. Weiler and G. De Bùrca eds. 2001). Specifically about the role of legal comparison in EU Law. See A.Pizzorusso, Il patrimonio costituzionale europeo, Bologna, Il Mulino, (2002) and I.Kaminski, Comparative Law and Comparative Lawyer at the Turn of Centuries, available at http://www.policy.hu/discus/messages/102/ceaserk-comparelaw.pdf, 2000.Google Scholar

66 A.Ruggeri, “Tradizioni costituzionali comuni”e “controlimiti”, tra teoria delle fonti e teoria dell'interpretazione, 102–120 Dir. Pub. Comp. E. Eur., 2003.Google Scholar

67 European Constitutional Treaty, art. I-5Google Scholar

68 See, A.Ruggeri, Trattato costituzionale, europeizzazione dei “controlimiti” e tecniche di risoluzione delle antinomie tra diritto comunitario e diritto interno (profili problematici), available at www.forumcostituzionale.it.Google Scholar

69 Case C-36/02, Omega, 2004 E.C.R. I-9609.Google Scholar

70 Article I-6 Union law: “The Constitution and law adopted by the institutions of the Union in exercising competences conferred on it shall have primacy over the law of the Member States.” Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe, art. I-6, available at: http://europa.eu/constitution/en/ptoc2_en.htm.Google Scholar

71 Article II-113 Level of protection: “Nothing in this Charter shall be interpreted as restricting or adversely affecting human rights and fundamental freedoms as recognised, in their respective fields of application, by Union law and international law and by international agreements to which the Union or all the Member States are party, including the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and by the Member States’ constitutions.” Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe, art. II-113, available at http://europa.eu/constitution/en/ptoc21_en.htm.Google Scholar

72 Article I-9(2) Fundamental rights: “ The Union shall accede to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Such accession shall not affect the Union's competences as defined in the Constitution.” Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe, art. I-9(2), available at http://europa.eu/constitution/en/ptoc3_en.htm#a12.Google Scholar

73 Case C-36/02, Omega, 2004 E.C.R. I-9609.Google Scholar

74 Case C-387/02, Berlusconi and others…, 2005 E.C.R. I-3565.Google Scholar

75 Case C-387/02, Berlusconi and others…, 2005 E.C.R. I-3565.Google Scholar

76 See A. Tempelman e Coniugi T.H.J.M. van Schaijk c. Directeur van de Rijksdienst voor de keuring van Vee en Vlees, C-96/03 e C-97/03, ECR, 2005, I–1895.Google Scholar

77 D.U.Galetta, Il principio di proporzionalità comunitario e il suo effetto di spill over? negli ordinamenti nazionali, 541–557 Nuove autonomie (2005).Google Scholar

78 P.Craig, Unreasonableness and proportionality in UK law, in The principle of proportionality in the Laws of Europe 85, 95 (E. Ellis ed., 1999). See also Regina v. Chief Constable of Sussex EX Parte International trader's Ferry Limited [1998] 3 WLR 1260 (HL).Google Scholar

79 TAR Lecce, Bari, Sez. III, from 2483/2004 to 2493/2004, available at: www.giustizia-amministrativa.it.Google Scholar

80 Bundesverwaltungsgericht (BVerwG- Federal Administrative Court), Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt (DVBl) 613 (1993),; Bundesverwaltungsgericht (BVerwG- Federal Administrative Court), Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt (DVBl) 68 (1997).Google Scholar

81 A.Pizzorusso, Fonti politiche e fonti culturali del diritto in Studi in onore di T.Liebman 327 (Giuffrè Milano ed., 1979); A.Pizzorusso, Sistemi giuridici comparati 263–164 (Giuffrè Milano ed., 1998).Google Scholar

82 E.Stein, Lawyers, Judges and Making of Transnational Constitution, 1 American Journal of International Law 75 (1981).Google Scholar

83 Case C-6/90 e C-9/90, Francovich and Bonifaci v. Italy, 1991 E. C. R. I-5357.Google Scholar

84 Case C-173/03, Traghetti del Mediterraneo, available at: http://www.curia.europa.eu/en/content/juris/c2.htm.Google Scholar

85 Case C-224/01, Köbler, 2003 E.C.R. I-10239.Google Scholar

86 Case C-224/01, Köbler, 2003 E.C.R. I-10239.Google Scholar

87 Case C-173/03, Traghetti del Mediterraneo, available at http://www.curia.europa.eu/en/content/juris/c2.htm.Google Scholar

88 Case C-173/03, Traghetti del Mediterraneo, available at http://www.curia.europa.eu/en/content/juris/c2.htm.Google Scholar

89 Case C-129/00, Commission v. Italy, 2003 E.C.R. I-14637.Google Scholar

90 See R.Calvano, La Corte d'Appello di Roma applica la Carta dei diritti Ue. Diritto pretorio o Jus commune europeo?, available at: www.associazionedeicostituzionalisti.it.Google Scholar

91 Corte Costituzionale, sentenza 19 April 1985, n. 113.Google Scholar

92 Corte Costituzionale, sentenza 4 July 1989, n. 389.Google Scholar

93 Case C-283/81, Srl CILFIT and Lanificio di Gavardo SpA v Ministry of Health, 1982 E.C.R. 3415.Google Scholar

94 Case C-224/01, Köbler, 2003 E.C.R. I-10239.Google Scholar

95 Without being neo-medievalist, we can recall the importance of the custom in the Middle Age to confirm this factor.Google Scholar

96 To define all its ambiguities J.Bast uses the formula “reflexive constitution”. See J. Bast, The Constitutional Treaty as a Reflexive Constitution, 6 German Law Journal 11 (2005), available at http://www.germanlawjournal.org/article.php?id=646.Google Scholar

97 In fact, the Constitutional Treaty seems to consider the option of some difficulties in the ratification: ARTICLE IV¬447 Ratification and entry into force “1. 1. This Treaty shall be ratified by the High Contracting Parties in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Government of the Italian Republic. 2. 2. This Treaty shall enter into force on 1 November 2006, provided that all the instruments of ratification have been deposited, or, failing that, on the first day of the second month following the deposit of the instrument of ratification by the last signatory State to take this step.” Google Scholar

98 30^th Declaration on the ratification of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe “The Conference notes that if, two years after the signature of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, four fifths of the Member States have ratified it and one or more Member States have encountered difficulties in proceeding with ratification, the matter will be referred to the European Council.”Google Scholar

99 K Kowalik-Bañczyk, Should We Polish It Up? The Polish Constitutional Tribunal and the Idea of Supremacy of EU Law, 6 German Law Journal 10 (2005), available at http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=638.Google Scholar

100 Trybunał Konstytucyjny w Polsce, P 1/05 of 27th April 2005, http://www.trybunal.gov.pl/eng/summaries/wstep_gb.htm.Google Scholar

101 Bundesverfassungericht, (BVerfG-German Federal Constitutional Court), 2BvR 2236/04, para. 1, Jul. 18, 2005, http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/en/decisions/rs20050718_2bvr223604en.html.Google Scholar