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Ultra-shallow-marine anoxia in an Early Triassic shallow-marine clastic ramp (Spitsbergen) and the suppression of benthic radiation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 October 2015

PAUL B. WIGNALL ,
DAVID P. G. BOND ,
YADONG SUN ,
STEPHEN E. GRASBY ,
BENOIT BEAUCHAMP ,
MICHAEL M. JOACHIMSKI  and
DIERK P. G. BLOMEIER
PAUL B. WIGNALL*
Affiliation:
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
DAVID P. G. BOND
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
YADONG SUN
Affiliation:
Geozentrum Nordbayen, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 470073, Hubei Province, P. R. China
STEPHEN E. GRASBY
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Canada, 3303 33rd Street N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2L 2A7, Canada Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
BENOIT BEAUCHAMP
Affiliation:
Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
MICHAEL M. JOACHIMSKI
Affiliation:
Geozentrum Nordbayen, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
DIERK P. G. BLOMEIER
Affiliation:
Millenia Stratigraphic Consultants, 35 Swansfield, Lechlade GL7 3SF, United Kingdom
*
†Author for correspondence: [email protected]
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Abstract

Lower Triassic marine strata in Spitsbergen accumulated on a mid-to-high latitude ramp in which high-energy foreshore and shoreface facies passed offshore into sheet sandstones of probable hyperpycnite origin. More distal facies include siltstones, shales and dolomitic limestones. Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy comparison allows improved age dating of the Boreal sections and shows a significant hiatus in the upper Spathian. Two major deepening events, in earliest Griesbachian and late Smithian time, are separated by shallowing-upwards trends that culminated in the Dienerian and Spathian substages. The redox record, revealed by changes in bioturbation, palaeoecology, pyrite framboid content and trace metal concentrations, shows anoxic phases alternating with intervals of better ventilation. Only Dienerian–early Smithian time witnessed persistent oxygenation that was sufficient to support a diverse benthic community. The most intensely anoxic, usually euxinic, conditions are best developed in offshore settings, but at times euxinia also developed in upper offshore settings where it is even recorded in hyperpycnite and storm-origin sandstone beds: an extraordinary facet of Spitsbergen's record. The euxinic phases do not track relative water depth changes. For example, the continuous shallowing upwards from the Griesbachian to lower Dienerian was witness to several euxinic phases separated by intervals of more oxic, bioturbated sediments. It is likely that the euxinia was controlled by climatic oscillations rather than intra-basinal factors. It remains to be seen if all the anoxic phases found in Spitsbergen are seen elsewhere, although the wide spread of anoxic facies in the Smithian/Spathian boundary interval is clearly a global event.

Keywords

anoxiaTriassicshallow marineSpitsbergenextinction
Type
Original Articles
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 153 , Special Issue 2: Mass Extinctions , March 2016 , pp. 316 - 331
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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