1.1 Unpointed counterexample: plane quartics

Let $H_1,H_2\subseteq \mathbb {P}^2$ be distinct lines. For $i \in \{1,2\}$ we consider the moduli space

(1)$$ \begin{align} \mathsf K_{0,1}^{\mathrm{max}}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_i,4)\end{align} $$

of logarithmic stable maps to $(\mathbb {P}^2|H_i)$ with maximal tangency at a single marked point. The logarithmic Euler sequence shows that $T_{(\mathbb {P}^2|H_i)}$ is convex, so the moduli space (1) is logarithmically smooth. As such, it contains the dimensionally transverse locus, consisting of maps with smooth domain whose image is not contained inside $H_i$, as a dense open. Using an explicit parametrisation of this open locus, we conclude that (1) is irreducible with dimension and expected dimension equal to $8$.

Forgetting the logarithmic structures and the marking, we obtain a generically finite map:

$$ \begin{align*} \pi^{i}: \mathsf K_{0,1}^{\mathrm{max}}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_i,4)\to \mathsf K_{0,0}(\mathbb{P}^2,4). \end{align*} $$

The target is a smooth Deligne–Mumford stack, of dimension $11$.

Lemma 1.1. There is an equality of classes in $\mathsf K_{0,0}(\mathbb {P}^2,4)$:

$$ \begin{align*} \pi^{1}_\star [\mathsf K_{0,1}^{\mathrm{max}}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1,4)]\cdot \pi^{2}_\star [\mathsf K_{0,1}^{\mathrm{max}}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_2,4)] = 4^2 \cdot [\mathsf{K}_{0,0}( \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}^2}(-H_1)\oplus \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}^2}(-H_2),4)]^{\mathrm{vir}}. \end{align*} $$

Consider the moduli space

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf K_{0,2}^{\mathrm{max}}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1+H_2,4)\end{align*} $$

of logarithmic stable maps with maximal contact to $H_1$ and $H_2$ at markings $x_1$ and $x_2$. As before, the logarithmic Euler sequence shows that this space is logarithmically smooth and contains the locus of maps from smooth domains not mapping into $H_1\cup H_2$ as a dense open. It follows that it is irreducible, with dimension equal to the expected dimension $5$. There is a forgetful morphism:

$$ \begin{align*} \pi \colon \mathsf K_{0,2}^{\mathrm{max}}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1+H_2,4) \to \mathsf{K}_{0,0}(\mathbb{P}^2,4).\end{align*} $$

The remainder of this section will focus on the following result, which, combined with Lemma 1.1, demonstrates the failure of the local-logarithmic correspondence.

Proposition 1.2. The following classes in $\mathsf {K}_{0,0}(\mathbb {P}^2,4)$ are not equal:

$$ \begin{align*} \pi^{1}_\star [\mathsf K_{0,1}^{\mathrm{max}}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1,4)]\cdot \pi^{2}_\star [\mathsf K_{0,1}^{\mathrm{max}}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_2,4)] \neq \pi_\star [\mathsf K_{0,2}^{\mathrm{max}}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1+H_2,4)]. \end{align*} $$

The forgetful morphisms are all generically injective, so the pushforward classes may be identified with the fundamental classes of the images. Proposition 1.2 becomes

(2)$$ \begin{align} [\pi^{1}(\mathsf K_{0,1}^{\mathrm{max}}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1,4))]\cdot [\pi^{2}(\mathsf K_{0,1}^{\mathrm{max}}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_2,4))]\neq [\pi (\mathsf K_{0,2}^{\mathrm{max}}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1+H_2,4))].\end{align} $$

Lemma 1.3. The intersection

(3)$$ \begin{align} \pi^{1}(\mathsf K_{0,1}^{\mathrm{max}}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1,4)) \cap \pi^{2}(\mathsf K_{0,1}^{\mathrm{max}}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_2,4))\subseteq \mathsf{K}_{0,0}(\mathbb{P}^2,4) \end{align} $$

contains two irreducible components, each of dimension $5$.

Proof. The first irreducible component is the main component, which is the closure of the locus of dimensionally transverse maps. This is contained in the intersection (3). As noted above, it coincides with the image of the moduli space of logarithmic stable maps to $(\mathbb {P}^2|H_1+H_2)$:

$$ \begin{align*} \pi(\mathsf{K}^{\max}_{0,2}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1+H_2,4)).\end{align*} $$

For the second irreducible component, consider the closure in $\mathsf K_{0,0}(\mathbb {P}^2,4)$ of the locus parametrising maps from rational curves of the form

$$ \begin{align*} C = C_0\cup C_1\cup\cdots\cup C_4\to \mathbb{P}^2 \end{align*} $$

in which each $C_i$ is smooth, the component $C_0$ is contracted to $H_1\cap H_2$ and meets each of the components $C_1,\ldots ,C_4$ in a node and the remaining components are mapped isomorphically onto lines. The image of such a map is a collection of four lines through the point $H_1 \cap H_2$ and there is an $\overline {{\mathcal M}}\vphantom {{\mathcal M}}_{0,4}$ moduli for the internal component $C_0$; it follows that this locus is $5$-dimensional. It remains to show that it is contained in each of the images $\pi ^i(\mathsf K_{0,1}^{\mathrm {max}}(\mathbb {P}^2|H_i,4))$. The image of

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf K_{0,1}^{\mathrm{max}}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_i,4) \to \mathsf K_{0,1}(\mathbb{P}^2,4) \end{align*} $$

is the closure of its interior; the interior consists of maps from smooth domains which have maximal contact order to $H_i$ but do not map inside $H_i$. The closure is identified by Gathmann’s numerical balancing criterion [Reference Gathmann16, Remark 1.7(ii)]. Consider the locus of maps

$$ \begin{align*} C = C_0\cup C_1\cup\cdots\cup C_4\to \mathbb{P}^2 \end{align*} $$

as above, where $C_0$ bears the marked point. Each noncontracted component meets $H_i$ with contact order $1$, and by the numerical criterion we deduce that the locus is contained in the image of $\mathsf K_{0,1}^{\mathrm {max}}(\mathbb {P}^2|H_i,4)\to \mathsf K_{0,1}(\mathbb {P}^2,4)$. The claim follows by applying the forgetful morphism $\mathsf {K}_{0,1}(\mathbb {P}^2,4) \to \mathsf {K}_{0,0}(\mathbb {P}^2,4)$.

1.2 Pointed counterexample: plane conics

The strong form of the correspondence implies the original form, so the counterexample above also falsifies the strong form. We record a simpler failure of the strong form, which occurs in lower degree. We leave some verifications to the reader, since the analysis is simpler than the one above.

For $i \in \{1,2\}$ consider the moduli space $\mathsf {K}^{\max }_{0,2}(\mathbb {P}^2|H_i,2)$ with maximal contact order at the marking $x_i$ and zero contact order at the marking $x_{\neq i}$. This is the universal curve over the moduli space $\mathsf {K}^{\max }_{0,1}(\mathbb {P}^2|H_i,2)$. Proceeding as above, it suffices to show the following inequality:

(4)$$ \begin{align} [\mathsf{K}^{\max}_{0,2}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1,2)] \cdot [\mathsf{K}^{\max}_{0,2}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_2,2)] \neq [\mathsf{K}^{\max}_{0,2}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1+H_2,2)]\end{align} $$

in $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(\mathbb {P}^2,2)$, where we have suppressed pushforwards from the notation.

Proof of (4).

We examine the intersection

(5)$$ \begin{align} \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1,2) \cap \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_2,2) \subseteq \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(\mathbb{P}^2,2).\end{align} $$

This has a main component: the closure of the space of maps intersecting each $H_i$ in precisely one point. This component coincides with the locus $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}^{\max }(\mathbb {P}^2|H_1+H_2,2)$, which has dimension equal to the expected dimension $3$.

A second $3$-dimensional component of the intersection (5) parametrises maps of the form

$$ \begin{align*} C_0\cup C_1\cup C_2\to \mathbb{P}^2 \end{align*} $$

where $C_0$ bears the two marked points, is contracted to $H_1\cap H_2$ and meets $C_1$ and $C_2$ at distinct points. The components $C_1$ and $C_2$ each map isomorphically onto lines. Elementary geometry shows that this locus has dimension $3$: two dimensions for the two lines and one for the cross ratio of the four points. Direct analysis shows that there are no further irreducible components. This second irreducible component contributes with positive multiplicity. Therefore, the logarithmic class is not the product of the two classes associated to the relative theories of the smooth pairs. This yields a counterexample to the strong form of the conjecture.

2.1 Setup: target geometry and moduli spaces

Consider a target $(X|D)$ with $X=\mathbb {P}^{n_1}\times \mathbb {P}^{n_2}$ and $D=D_1+D_2$ a divisor, with each smooth component $D_i$ the pullback of a hyperplane in $\mathbb {P}^{n_i}$. Spaces of genus 0 logarithmic stable maps to X, $(X|D_1)$, $(X|D_2)$ and $(X|D)$ are logarithmically unobstructed; the discussion which follows applies to any target satisfying this.

We establish a corrected local-logarithmic correspondence in this setting; the case with more divisor components follows mutatis mutandis by replacing $D_2$ with $D_2+\ldots +D_k$ and the case of hyperplane sections follows by virtual pullback (see Section 4).

We begin by establishing notation for the maximal contacts theory. We fix a curve class $\beta $ and introduce markings $x_1,x_2$ which have maximal tangency with respect to $D_1,D_2$, respectively. We obtain a moduli space of logarithmic stable maps to $(X|D)$ with maximal contacts

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D,\beta) \end{align*} $$

and for $i \in \{1,2\}$ a moduli space of logarithmic stable maps $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}^{\max }(X|D_i,\beta )$ to $(X|D_i)$. The latter space is also two-pointed; the marking $x_{\neq i}$ carries no tangency condition. This is the universal curve over the one-pointed space $\mathsf {K}_{0,1}^{\max }(X|D_i,\beta )$.

The following target diagram is Cartesian in fine and saturated logarithmic schemes:

The moduli spaces of two-pointed logarithmic stable maps enjoy a similar relationship

see [Reference Abramovich and Chen1, Theorem 2.6]. This diagram is Cartesian in the category of fine and saturated logarithmic stacks but not typically Cartesian in the category of ordinary stacks (the Cartesian product in the category of ordinary stacks is instead the naive space). The failure is accounted for by the fact that neither of the morphisms $\mathsf K_{0,2}^{\max }(X|D_i,\beta )\to \mathsf K_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ is integral and saturated.

2.2 Semistable reduction

Our strategy is to correct this fibre product by replacing the morphism $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}^{\max }(X|D_1,\beta ) \to \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ with an integral and saturated birational model. This will be constructed using weak semistable reduction [Reference Abramovich and Karu3, Reference Molcho22].

A toroidal morphism $X\to B$ of toroidal embeddings is logarithmically smooth with the divisorial structure. The morphism need not be equidimensional or have reduced fibres. In their work on weak semistable reduction, Abramovich–Karu [Reference Abramovich and Karu3] identified criteria for these properties.

A toroidal morphism satisfying the conditions in the lemmas above is weakly semistable. Any toroidal morphism can be modified to a weakly semistable one.

The Abramovich–Karu construction is nonunique, depending on an auxiliary choice of piecewise-linear support functions. Later work of Molcho [Reference Molcho22, Theorem 2.4.2] showed that if the morphism $\Sigma _f$ is proper and surjective, there is a unique minimal choice. The construction declares the image of every cone to be a cone and subdivides the intersections as necessary.

2.3 The subdivision

We apply the construction in the previous section to spaces of logarithmic stable maps. The first step is to replace each of the moduli spaces $\mathsf {K}^{\max }_{0,2}(X|D_i,\beta )$ for $i=1,2$ with Kim’s space of logarithmic stable maps to expansions [Reference Kim19]. As discussed in [Reference Battistella, Nabijou and Ranganathan6, Section 2.1], this is a logarithmic modification of the Abramovich–Chen–Gross–Siebert moduli space, representing the subfunctor of image-ordered tropical maps. The tropicalisation

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{T}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_i,\beta) = \mathsf{Trop\, } \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_i,\beta) \end{align*} $$

is the cone complex parametrising image-ordered degree-weighted tropical stable maps to ${\mathbb R}_{\geq 0}$. The space $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ has logarithmic structure induced by its normal crossings boundary (equivalently, by viewing it as a space of logarithmic stable maps to a trivial logarithmic scheme) and the tropicalisation

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{T}_{0,2}(X,\beta) = \mathsf{Trop\, } \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta) \end{align*} $$

is the cone complex parametrising degree-weighted tropical stable curves. We apply weak semistable reduction to the morphism

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta) \to \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta).\end{align*} $$

This produces subdivisions of the associated cone complexes with an induced morphism

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf T_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)^\dagger\to \mathsf T_{0,2}(X,\beta)^\dagger, \end{align*} $$

which is combinatorially equidimensional and reduced; it satisfies the polyhedral criteria for these conditions. On the associated logarithmic modifications, we obtain a morphism

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf K_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)^\dagger \to \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta)^\dagger, \end{align*} $$

which is integral and saturated. We subdivide $\mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X|D_2,\beta )$ by pulling back the subdivision $\mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )^\dagger $ of $\mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ (note the asymmetry between $D_1$ and $D_2$ in this construction). We thus obtain a diagram

which, since the morphism g is now integral and saturated, is Cartesian in both the category of fine and saturated logarithmic stacks and the category of ordinary stacks. The fibre product $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}^{\max }(X|D,\beta )^\dagger $ is a birational model for $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}^{\max }(X|D,\beta )$.

Remark 2.4. The construction is canonical, since the morphism of cone complexes

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{T}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta) \to \mathsf{T}_{0,2}(X,\beta) \end{align*} $$

is surjective. This is shown at the start of the next section.

2.4 Modular description: image-ordering (left-to-right)

In order to access the intersection theory of these modifications, it is necessary to obtain a more explicit description of the subdivisions involved. We begin with a modular interpretation for the subdivision $\mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )^\dagger $ in terms of order relations on the vertices of the tropical curve. A similar discussion can be found in [Reference Cavalieri, Markwig and Ranganathan13], and additional examples are discussed there.

Given a two-pointed, degree-weighted stable tropical curve

over a base cone $\sigma $, we may assign the formal expansion factor $D_1 \cdot \beta $ to the semi-infinite leg corresponding to $x_1$ and the formal expansion factor $0$ to the semi-infinite leg corresponding to $x_2$. Having done this, there is then a unique way to assign a formal expansion factor $m_e$ to each (directed) edge

, in such a way that the resulting tropical curve is balanced; this is a consequence of the genus 0 hypothesis. From this, we obtain a tropical map

well-defined up to overall translation in ${\mathbb R}$. For vertices

we declare

$$ \begin{align*} f(v_1) \leq f(v_2) \quad \text{if and only if} \quad f(v_2) - f(v_1) \in \operatorname{Hom}(\sigma,{\mathbb R}_{\geq 0})\end{align*} $$

and observe that this defines a partial ordering on the vertices of

.

We refer to $\mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )^\dagger $ as the moduli space of image-ordered tropical curves. A similar construction was outlined in [Reference Battistella, Nabijou and Ranganathan6, Section 2.1].

Proof. Temporarily denote the moduli space of image-ordered tropical curves by $\mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )^\ddagger $; it is clear that this is a subdivision of $\mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$.

Consider a cone $\tau \in \mathsf {T}^{\max }_{0,2}(X|D_1,\beta )$. This corresponds to a combinatorial type of tropical stable map to ${\mathbb R}_{\geq 0}$, and if we consider the image $\bar {\tau } \subseteq |\mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )|$ and restrict the universal curve to $\bar {\tau }$, we obtain a tropical curve whose $f(v)$ are totally ordered (we obtain a total ordering because we work with Kim’s space). This total ordering determines a combinatorial type of image-ordered curve, corresponding to a cone $\rho \in \mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )^\ddagger $ such that $\bar {\tau } \subseteq \rho $. We need to show that in fact $\bar {\tau } = \rho $.

The cone $\tau $ is simplicial, with coordinates over ${\mathbb Q}$ given by the target edge lengths $l_1,\ldots ,l_k$. We may assume that over $\tau $ there is at least one vertex mapping to $0 \in {\mathbb R}_{\geq 0}$ (if not, replace $\tau $ with the subcone defined by $l_1=0$ and note that this does not alter $\bar \tau $ or $\rho $).

Choosing for each i a stable vertex mapping to the ith target vertex, we have $f(v_0) < f(v_1) < \ldots < f(v_k)$ on $\rho $ and every other vertex satisfies $f(v)=f(v_i)$ for some i. Thus, we see that $\rho $ is also a simplicial cone, with coordinates over ${\mathbb Q}$ given by

$$ \begin{align*} f(v_1)-f(v_0), f(v_2) - f(v_1), \ldots, f(v_k) - f(v_{k-1}).\end{align*} $$

The map $\tau \to \rho $ is given by $l_i \mapsto f(v_i) - f(v_{i-1})$, which is clearly surjective, so $\bar {\tau } = \rho $ as required.

On the other hand, given a cone $\rho \in \mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )^\ddagger $ corresponding to a combinatorial type of image-ordered tropical curve, we obtain a unique minimal combinatorial type for a stable tropical map , by forcing vertices in with minimal $f(v)$ to map to $0 \in {\mathbb R}_{\geq 0}$; there are no further edge length relations as has genus 0. This corresponds to a cone $\tau \in \mathsf {T}^{\max }_{0,2}(X|D_1,\beta )$, and it follows from the discussion above that $\bar {\tau } = \rho $.

Corollary 2.8. The subdivision procedure does not modify the source cone complex:

$$ \begin{align*}\mathsf{T}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)^\dagger =\mathsf{T}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta).\end{align*} $$

2.5 Modular description: alignment (right-to-left)

The results of the previous subsection are general, applying to moduli spaces with arbitrary tangency orders. When the contact order is maximal, we exhibit a combinatorial factorisation of the subdivision, describing it as a sequence of weighted stellar subdivisions along smooth cones. The description resembles the radial alignments in [Reference Ranganathan, Santos-Parker and Wise27].

Observe that if we let denote the vertex containing the marking $x_1$, the balancing condition implies that $f(v_0)$ must be maximal amongst the $f(v)$. If we therefore let

$$ \begin{align*} \varphi(v) = f(v_0) - f(v) \in \operatorname{Hom}(\sigma,{\mathbb R}_{\geq 0}), \end{align*} $$

then we see that totally ordering the $f(v)$ is equivalent to totally ordering the $\varphi (v)$. We think of $\varphi (v)$ as the distance from the root$v_0$: it is the expansion factor–weighted sum of the edge lengths along the unique path connecting $v_0$ to v. We obtain the following.

We call such a tropical curve radially aligned, or aligned, with respect to $v_0$.

2.6 Iterative description

The modular interpretation via alignments gives a very concrete iterative description of $\mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )^\dagger \to \mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ and therefore of the logarithmic modification $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )^\dagger \to \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$. This description, inspired by results in [Reference Ranganathan, Santos-Parker and Wise27, 30], will be crucial in Section 3.

Definition 2.12. A floral cone $\sigma \in \mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ is a cone indexed by a type of the following form:

The vertex supporting the marking $x_2$ is allowed to be arbitrary and is denoted $v(x_2)$. We impose a partial ordering on the floral cones as follows:

(6)

if and only if

1. (1) $\beta _0 < \beta _0^\prime $; or

2. (2) $\beta _0=\beta _0^\prime $ and $r < r^\prime $; or

3. (3) $\beta _0=\beta _0^\prime ,r=r^\prime $ and $v(x_2) \neq v_0$ but $v^\prime (x_2)=v_0$.

Remark 2.13. Given floral cones $\sigma ,\sigma ^\prime \in \mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ with $\sigma ^\prime \in \text {Star}(\sigma )$, stability ensures that $\sigma ^\prime < \sigma $. Equivalently,

$$ \begin{align*} \sigma^\prime \not < \sigma \Rightarrow \sigma^\prime \not\in \text{Star}(\sigma). \end{align*} $$

Therefore, $\sigma ^\prime $ will be unaffected by taking a weighted stellar subdivision along $\sigma $; that is, it will remain a cone in the subdivided cone complex.

Given this setup, we have the following strong combinatorial structure result.

A floral stratum is a closed boundary stratum $Z(\sigma ) \subseteq \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ corresponding to a floral cone $\sigma \in \mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$.

Proof of Theorem 2.14. Fix a cone $\sigma \in \mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ corresponding to a combinatorial type of a two-pointed, degree-weighted tropical curve . As before, let denote the root vertex containing the marking $x_1$ and use the balancing condition to assign formal expansion factors to every edge.

We construct the radially aligned subdivision $\sigma ^\dagger \to \sigma $ inductively. The idea is as follows: in order to choose a total ordering of the distances $\varphi (v)$ of the vertices from the root, we first must decide which vertex has smallest $\varphi (v)$. Having done this, we then need to decide which vertex is the next smallest; that is, the smallest amongst the remaining vertices and so on. Each step is a weighted stellar subdivision of a floral cone, consistent with the ordering (6).

Edges with zero expansion factor play no role in the subdivision, since their length parameters do not appear in the $\varphi (v)$. Therefore, we formally contract all such edges for this discussion. Orient the graph in such a way that every edge points away from the root. The first step is to decide which v has minimal $\varphi (v)$; the candidate vertices are the immediate descendants of $v_0$:

Setting all coordinates other than $\varphi (v_1),\ldots ,\varphi (v_r)$ to zero, we obtain the floral subcone

The weighted stellar subdivision of $\sigma $ along this floral subcone subdivides $\sigma $ into cones, on each of which we have

$$ \begin{align*} \text{min}(\varphi(v_1),\ldots,\varphi(v_n)) = \varphi(v_i) \end{align*} $$

for some i. The weights are determined by the edge expansion factors, noting that the $\varphi (v_i)$ may not be primitive in $\sigma $. On each cone of the subdivision there is a minimal vertex of . This forms the base of the induction.

For the induction step, choose a cone $\rho $ of the subdivision constructed so far; to simplify notation, we assume that $\rho $ is maximal. On this cone we have a total ordering of a subset $\{ u_1,\ldots ,u_k\}$ of the vertices of :

(7)$$ \begin{align} \varphi(u_1) < \ldots < \varphi(u_k) < \varphi(v) \ \ \text{ for}\ v \not\in \{ u_1,\ldots,u_k,v_0\}. \end{align} $$

Suppose that at the previous step we had taken a weighted stellar subdivision along a floral cone

(8)

and that (without loss of generality) $\rho $ is the cone of this subdivision on which $\varphi (v_1)$ is minimal (that is, $v_1=u_k$ in (7)).

The candidates for the next-smallest vertex of comprise the vertices $v_2,\ldots ,v_r$ along with any immediate descendants of $v_1$; denote these by $w_1,\ldots ,w_s$. The following picture describes :

The following functions then form part of a coordinate system for the cone $\rho $:

(9)$$ \begin{align} \varphi(v_2) - \varphi(v_1), \ldots, \varphi(v_r) - \varphi(v_1), \varphi(w_1) - \varphi(v_1), \ldots, \varphi(w_s) - \varphi(v_1)\end{align} $$

(geometrically, the curve is destabilised by slicing it with the circle of radius $\varphi (v_1)$ and the parameter $\varphi (v_i)-\varphi (v_1)$ is the length of the final edge segment preceding the vertex $v_i$). Set all parameters other than (9) to zero to obtain the following floral subcone:

(10)

Note that, since $\varphi (v_1)=0$ on this cone, the degree of the root changes from $\beta _0$ in (8) to $\beta _0+\beta _1$ in (10). Taking the weighted stellar subdivision along this cone corresponds to choosing a minimum amongst the parameters (9). But of course this is equivalent to choosing a minimum amongst

$$ \begin{align*}\varphi(v_2), \ldots, \varphi(v_r), \varphi(w_1), \ldots, \varphi(w_s).\end{align*} $$

We have completed the induction step of the construction. Either $\beta _1> 0$, in which case $\beta _0 < \beta _0+\beta _1$, or $\beta _1=0$ and so by stability we have either $s \geq 2$ and so $r < s + r-1$, or $s=1$, in which case $v_1$ must contain the marking $x_2$, which lies on the vertex $v_0$ once we set $\varphi (v_1)=0$. In every case, we see that the floral locus (10) appears strictly later than (8) in our ordering (6).

Example 2.18. Take $X=\mathbb {P}^n$ with $D_1=H_1$ a hyperplane and consider the $4$-dimensional cone $\rho ~\in ~\mathsf {T}_{0,2}(\mathbb {P}^n,3)$ indexed by the following combinatorial type:

where the degree data are given in blue. We show how the above procedure produces the radial alignment subdivision of $\rho $. We assign formal expansion factors to the edges, which in this case gives

The distances from the root vertex are then given by

$$ \begin{align*}\varphi(v_1) = e_1, \, \varphi(v_2) = 2e_2, \, \varphi(v_3) = 2e_2 + e_3, \, \varphi(v_4) = 2e_2 + e_4.\end{align*} $$

The radial alignment construction subdivides $\rho $ into cones on which these quantities are totally ordered. Following the process outlined in the proof of Theorem 2.14, the first step is to compare $\varphi (v_1)$ and $\varphi (v_2)$. This amounts to taking a weighted stellar subdivision along the floral subcone

obtained inside $\rho $ by setting $e_3=e_4=0$. The maximal cones of this first subdivision are $\rho _1=\{e_1 < 2e_2\}$ and $\rho _2=\{2e_2 < e_1\}$. We focus on the latter (similar arguments apply to the former). On $\rho _2$ we have $\varphi (v_2) < \varphi (v_1)$, and the next step is to select a minimum amongst $\varphi (v_1),\varphi (v_3)$ and $\varphi (v_4)$. This amounts to subdividing along the floral subcone obtained inside $\rho _2$ by setting $e_2=0$:

Here $f_1=e_1-2e_2$ forms part of the natural coordinate system on $\rho _2$. This second subdivision produces three maximal cones inside $\rho _2$, and restricting to any one of these we see that the third and final step is to subdivide along a floral subcone of type

Note that the ordering (6) of floral cones is respected. The height-$1$ slice is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 The subdivision of $\rho $ described in Example 2.18. The $v_i$ are dual to the parameters $e_i$.

A note on monodromy. Floral strata typically have self-intersections. However, the iterative process described above only involves blowups along strata with no self-intersections. This is the content of the following lemma; the key observation is that the self-intersection of each floral stratum is separated by taking the strict transforms along the blowups appearing earlier in the process.

Proof. Combinatorially, this says that there is no cone $\rho \in \mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )^\ddagger $ which contains $\sigma $ as a face in two different positions. Suppose that such a cone exists. As in the proof of Theorem 2.14, $\rho $ is indexed by a combinatorial type of tropical curve, with a partial ordering of a subset of its vertices (which without loss of generality are chosen to be strict):

$$ \begin{align*} \varphi(u_1) < \ldots < \varphi(u_k) < \varphi(v) \ \ \text{ for\,\, } v \not\in \{ u_1,\ldots,u_k,v_0\}. \end{align*} $$

Let $v_1,\ldots ,v_r$ denote the vertices of lying immediately outside the circle of radius $\varphi (u_k)$ around $v_0$. Then a ${\mathbb Q}$-coordinate system for the simplicial cone $\rho $ is given by

(11)$$ \begin{align} \varphi(u_1),\, \varphi(u_2) - \varphi(u_1), \, \ldots, \,\varphi(u_k)-\varphi(u_{k-1}),& \end{align} $$

(12)$$ \begin{align} \varphi(v_1) - \varphi(u_k), \, \varphi(v_2)-\varphi(u_k), \, \ldots, \, \varphi(v_r)-\varphi(u_k), & \end{align} $$

(13)$$ \begin{align} f_1,\, \ldots, \, f_l,& \end{align} $$

where the functions $f_1,\ldots ,f_l$ are the lengths of all edges of which descend from $v_1,\ldots ,v_r$.

The above parameters are presented in increasing order of distance from $v_0$. The ordering of the $\varphi (u_i)$ defines a collection of concentric circles around $v_0$, and the coordinates (11) give the widths of the corresponding annuli. Since $\sigma $ is the next cone to subdivide, the functions (12) form a coordinate system for $\sigma $, cut out inside $\rho $ by setting the coordinates (11) and (13) to zero.

Recall that we assume that $\rho $ contains $\sigma $ as a face in another position. Hence, there is a different collection of coordinates on $\rho $ whose common vanishing locus also gives $\sigma $. We claim that this collection must also contain all of the coordinates (11); otherwise, the resulting combinatorial type involves a nontrivial order relation between the edge lengths and hence cannot give $\sigma $ since $\sigma $ was not altered by the previous subdivisions; see Remark 2.13.

Therefore, all of the coordinates (11) must be set to zero. For dimension reasons, at least one of the coordinates (12) must also be set to zero. As in the proof of Theorem 2.14, it follows from stability that the resulting combinatorial type cannot be $\sigma $, since the discrete data associated to $v_0$ (curve class, number of adjacent edges, markings) must increase.

3.1 Corrected products

Consider again the diagram of subdivided moduli spaces from Subsection 2.3:

The entries in this diagram are all logarithmically smooth and irreducible. The fibre product is transverse over the dense locus where the logarithmic structure is trivial, yielding an equality

$$ \begin{align*} && [\mathsf{K}^{\max}_{0,2}(X|D,\beta)^\dagger] = [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)^\dagger] \cdot [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)^\dagger] && \text{in }\mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta)^\dagger \end{align*} $$

(pushforwards have been suppressed from the notation). Pushing down along the modification $\rho \colon \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )^\dagger \to \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$, we obtain

(14)$$ \begin{align} && [\mathsf{K}^{\max}_{0,2}(X|D,\beta)] = \rho_\star \left( [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)^\dagger] \cdot [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)^\dagger] \right) && \text{in }\mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta). \end{align} $$

It is natural to ask how this class relates to the naive intersection class:

(15)$$ \begin{align} && [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)] \cdot [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)] && \text{in }\mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta).\end{align} $$

We probe the geometry of the logarithmic modifications in order to explicitly describe the difference between these classes. The main result is Theorem 3.4, which expresses this difference as a sum of correction terms supported on excess loci.

This result compares the logarithmic and naive theories; see [Reference Nabijou23, §3]. We view this comparison as the more fundamental result; the local-logarithmic comparison arises as a consequence.

3.2 Corrected local-logarithmic correspondence

Let $F \colon \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta ) \to \mathsf {K}_{0,0}(X,\beta )$ denote the forgetful morphism. The corrected local-logarithmic correspondence is obtained by pushing forward Theorem 3.4 along F. The key is the following simple result concerning the local class.

Lemma 3.1. The following relation holds in $\mathsf {K}_{0,0}(X,\beta )$:

(16)$$ \begin{align} F_\star \left([\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)] \cdot [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)] \right) = \unicode{x3b1} \cdot [\mathsf{K}_{0,0}(\mathcal{O}_X(-D_1)\oplus\mathcal{O}_X(-D_2),\beta)]^{\operatorname{vir}} \end{align} $$

where $\unicode{x3b1} = (-1)^{(D_1+D_2)\cdot \beta } (D_1\cdot \beta )(D_2\cdot \beta )$.

Proof. This follows from a comparison of diagonals. For $i \in \{1,2\}$ consider the morphism

$$ \begin{align*} G_i \colon \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta) \to \mathsf{K}_{0,1}(X,\beta), \end{align*} $$

forgetting the marking $x_{\neq i}$, and let $H \colon \mathsf {K}_{0,1}(X,\beta ) \to \mathsf {K}_{0,0}(X,\beta )$ be the morphism forgetting the remaining marking. Consider the tower

For $n \in \{0,1,2\}$ we denote the inclusion and fundamental class of the diagonal by

$$ \begin{align*} \iota_{n} \colon \mathsf{K}_{0,n}(X,\beta) \hookrightarrow \mathsf{K}_{0,n}(X,\beta) \times \mathsf{K}_{0,n}(X,\beta), \qquad \Delta_{0,n} = (\iota_{n})_\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,n}(X,\beta)].\end{align*} $$

These moduli spaces are unobstructed and we have

(17)$$ \begin{align} (G_1\times G_2)_\star (\Delta_{0,2}) = (H\times H)^\star (\Delta_{0,0}) \end{align} $$

since this equality holds on the dense open locus where the source curve is smooth. There is also an equality

$$ \begin{align*} [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_i,\beta)] = (G_i)^\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,1}^{\max}(X|D_i,\beta)]. \end{align*} $$

From these we obtain

$$ \begin{align*} (\iota_0)_\star \big( F_\star \big( [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(& X|D_1,\beta)] \cdot [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)] \big)\big) \\ & = (F\times F)_\star (\iota_{2})_\star \left( [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)] \cdot [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)] \right) \\ & = (F \times F)_\star \left( \left( [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)] \times [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)] \right) \cdot \Delta_{0,2} \right) \\ & = (H \times H)_\star (G_1 \times G_2)_\star \left( \left( G_1^\star[\mathsf{K}_{0,1}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)] \times G_2^\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,1}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)] \right) \cdot \Delta_{0,2} \right) \\ & = (H \times H)_\star \left( \left( [\mathsf{K}_{0,1}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)] \times [\mathsf{K}_{0,1}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)] \right) \cdot (G_1 \times G_2)_\star (\Delta_{0,2}) \right) \\ & = (H \times H)_\star \left( \left( [\mathsf{K}_{0,1}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)] \times [\mathsf{K}_{0,1}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)] \right) \cdot (H \times H)^\star (\Delta_{0,0}) \right) \\ & = \left( H_\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,1}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)] \times H_\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,1}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)] \right) \cdot \Delta_{0,0} \\ & = (\iota_{0})_\star \left( H_\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,1}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)] \cdot H_\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,1}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)] \right). \end{align*} $$

Letting $p \colon \mathsf {K}_{0,0}(X,\beta ) \times \mathsf {K}_{0,0}(X,\beta ) \to \mathsf {K}_{0,0}(X,\beta )$ be the first projection, we have $p \circ \iota _0 = \operatorname {Id}$ and so applying $p_\star $ gives

$$ \begin{align*} F_\star \big( [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)] \cdot [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)] \big) = H_\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,1}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)] \cdot H_\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,1}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)]. \end{align*} $$

The claim then follows from the local-logarithmic correspondence for smooth divisors [Reference van Garrel, Graber and Ruddat31] applied to the targets $(X|D_1)$ and $(X|D_2)$ and the product formula for the local class (a consequence of the splitting of the obstruction bundle).

Given this result, if we can relate the classes (14) and (15) on $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$, then pushing forward along F will relate the logarithmic class to the local class on $\mathsf {K}_{0,0}(X,\beta )$.

3.3 Iterated blowups: conventions and notation

The iterative description of the modification $\rho $ given in Subsection 2.6 will allow us to access this intersection theory. The key tool is Fulton’s blowup formula comparing the strict transform to the refined total transform [Reference Fulton15, §6.7].

By Corollary 2.15 we may factor the modification $\rho $ as a tower of weighted blowups along strict transforms of floral strata:

(18)$$ \begin{align} \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta)^\dagger = \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_m \to \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_{m-1} \to \cdots \to \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_0 = \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta).\end{align} $$

For $j \in \{ 1,\ldots ,m\}$ we let $\sigma _j$ denote the floral cone whose weighted blowup produces $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )_{j} \to \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )_{j-1}$. Notice that $\sigma _j$ is a cone in both $\mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ and in the subdivided cone complex $\mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )_{j-1}$ and, as such, represents strata in both $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ and $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )_{j-1}$. We denote these respectively by

$$ \begin{align*} Z({\sigma_j}) = Z(\sigma_j)_0 \subseteq \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta), \qquad Z(\sigma_j)_{j-1} \subseteq \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_{j-1}.\end{align*} $$

Of course, $Z(\sigma _j)_{j-1}$ is nothing but the strict transform of $Z(\sigma _j)$ under the preceding weighted blowups $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )_{j-1} \to \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ (which is well-defined because of the ordering: see Remark 2.16).

For $0 \leq j < k \leq m$ we let $\rho _{k,j}$ denote the birational morphism

$$ \begin{align*} \rho_{k,j} \colon \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_k \to \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_j.\end{align*} $$

3.4 The blowup formula: strict and total transforms

For $i \in \{1,2\}$ there is a corresponding tower of strict transforms:

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_i,\beta)^\dagger = \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_i,\beta)_m \to \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_i,\beta)_{m-1} \to \cdots \to \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_i,\beta)_0 = \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_i,\beta).\end{align*} $$

(Note that by Corollary 2.8 these strict transforms are all isomorphic for $i=1$; this does not hold for $i=2$ and in any case is not important for the arguments which follow.)

Fulton’s blowup formula compares the fundamental class of the strict transform to the refined fundamental class of the total transform, the latter being defined by Gysin pullback [Reference Fulton15, Proposition 6.7 and Example 6.7.1]. In Subsection 3.6 we explain how to extend this to weighted blowups. For each $j \in \{1,\ldots ,m\}$ we obtain the following relation in $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )_j$:

(19)$$ \begin{align} \rho_{j,j-1}^\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_i,\beta)_{j-1}] = [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_i,\beta)_j] + A^i_j \end{align} $$

where $A^i_j$ is a correction term supported on the excess locus of the total transform

We describe the terms $A^i_j$ in detail. The weighted blowup of the moduli space of ordinary stable maps has an exceptional divisor lying over the blowup centre

and the excess locus $F^i_j$ in the total transform of the logarithmic moduli space is obtained by fibring over this blowup centre:

To describe $F^i_j$ we must identify the maximal strata in $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}^{\max }(X|D_i,\beta )_{j-1}$ which map to $Z(\sigma _j)_{j-1}$. This is equivalent to identifying the minimal cones in $\mathsf {T}_{0,2}^{\max }(X|D_i,\beta )_{j-1}$ that map to the interior of $\operatorname {Star}(\sigma _j) \subseteq \mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )_{j-1}$.

3.4.1 Excess locus for $D_1$

For $i=1$ these cones can be identified very explicitly. We expect the following result to be extremely useful for future applications of the rank reduction technique. Recall that associated to the floral cone $\sigma _j \in \mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ there is a unique cone

$$ \begin{align*} \tau_j \in \mathsf{T}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta) \end{align*} $$

obtained by assigning formal expansion factors to the edges of the tropical curve and requiring all nonroot vertices to map to $0 \in {\mathbb R}_{\geq 0}$:

Here each expansion factor $m_i = D_1 \cdot \beta _i$ is nonzero (see Remark 2.17) and so $\dim \tau _j = 1$. We refer to $\tau _j$ as a comb cone. Clearly, we have $\tau _j \to \sigma _j$ and both $\tau _j$ and $\sigma _j$ are unaffected by the first $j-1$ weighted stellar subdivisions.

Theorem 3.2. The cone $\tau _j$ in $\mathsf {T}^{\max }_{0,2}(X|D_1,\beta )_{j-1}$ is the unique minimal cone mapping into $\operatorname {Star}(\sigma _j) \subseteq \mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )_{j-1}$; that is, every cone $\theta $ in $\mathsf {T}^{\max }_{0,2}(X|D_1,\beta )_{j-1}$ mapping into $\operatorname {Star}(\sigma _j)$ contains $\tau _j$ as a face.

Remark 3.3. The analogous statement on the initial moduli space $\mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ fails to hold; a simple counterexample with $(X|D_1)=(\mathbb {P}^n|H)$ is given by

where the curve classes are indicated in blue and the tropical edge lengths in black. Here $\theta $ maps into $\operatorname {Star}(\sigma _j)$ but does not contain $\tau _j$ as a face. The issue is that when we try to specialise $\theta $ by setting $f=0$, the edge length relations $e_1=e_2=2f$ force $e_1=e_2=0$ as well.

Nevertheless, we claim that after performing the first $j-1$ subdivisions, the statement holds. The reason for this is that these subdivisions cause the star of $\sigma _j$ to become smaller, so eventually every such minimal cone $\theta $ maps outside the star; this occurs because the tropical edge length relations for continuity of the tropical map to ${\mathbb R}_{\geq 0}$ become incompatible with the radial alignment inequalities. Geometrically, this means that every such maximal stratum $Z(\theta )$ becomes separated from $Z(\sigma _j)$ by the process of blowing up and taking strict transforms.

This process is visible in the above example; the first subdivision reduces the star of $\sigma _j$ to the locus where $2f < e_1, e_2$, and this is incompatible with the continuity relations on $\theta $.

Proof. Suppose that we are given a cone $\rho $ in $\operatorname {Star}(\sigma _j$):

$$ \begin{align*} \sigma_j \subseteq \rho \in \mathsf{T}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_{j-1}.\end{align*} $$

The cone $\rho $ is indexed by the combinatorial type of a more degenerate tropical curve, together with a partial radial alignment of its vertices. Crucially, this partial alignment is such that, in the iterative subdivision process described in the proof of Theorem 2.14, $\sigma _j$ is the next floral cone at which we must subdivide. Now consider a cone

$$ \begin{align*} \theta \in \mathsf{T}^{\max}_{0,2}(X|D_1,\beta)_{j-1} = \mathsf{T}^{\max}_{0,2}(X|D_1,\beta) \end{align*} $$

which maps into $\rho .$ We wish to prove that $\theta $ contains the comb cone $\tau _j$ as a face.

In order for $\theta \to \rho $, their combinatorial types must have the same source curve, after possibly removing some $2$-valent vertices. The vertex alignments/orderings induced by the combinatorial types must be compatible. This means that, if the combinatorial type of $\theta $ has k target expansion levels, then $\rho $ aligns precisely those vertices mapped to the final l levels (for some $l < k$), in the same order as prescribed by $\theta $.

As noted, the partial ordering on $\rho $ is such that in the iterative subdivision process, $\sigma _j$ is the next cone at which we must subdivide. Following the procedure in the proof of Theorem 2.14, this means the following: after we set $\varphi (u_i)=0$ for every vertex $u_i$ appearing in the partial alignment, we obtain a tropical curve such that the immediate descendants of $v_0$ give the type of $\sigma _j$, in the sense that setting all further edge lengths to zero specialises to the cone $\sigma _j$.

On $\theta $, the tropical parameters are given by the target edge lengths and the above description of the shape of the tropical curve implies that when we set every target edge length except the $(k-l-1)$st to zero, we specialise to the type of $\tau _j$. This shows $\tau _j$ is a face of $\theta $, as claimed.

By Theorem 3.2, the excess locus $F^1_j$ in the total transform of $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}^{\max }(X|D_1,\beta )_{j-1}$ is given by

$$ \begin{align*} F^1_j = Z(\tau_j)_{j-1} \times_{Z(\sigma_j)_{j-1}} E_j.\end{align*} $$

This is an explicit weighted projective bundle of dimension $r-1$ over the comb stratum $Z(\tau _j)_{j-1} = Z(\tau _j)$ (where r is the number of leaves of the source curve in $\sigma _j$). It has excess dimension $r-2$ and the blowup formula takes the form

(20)$$ \begin{align} \rho_{j,j-1}^\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)_{j-1}] = [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)_{j}] + \gamma^1_j \cap [F_j^1] \end{align} $$

where $\gamma ^1_j$ is an excess class of codimension $r-2$. This is obtained from Chern and Segre classes of strata and hence can be described algorithmically in terms of tautological classes; see Remark 3.5. We defer this computation to future work.

We may now pass up the tower (18) of weighted blowups, applying the formula (20) at each level. At the top we obtain

(21)$$ \begin{align} && \rho^\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)] = [\mathsf{K}^{\max}_{0,2}(X|D_1,\beta)^\dagger] + \sum_{j=1}^m \rho_{m,j}^\star \left( \gamma^1_j \cap [F^1_j] \right) && \end{align} $$

in $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )^\dagger = \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )_m$ (where $\rho =\rho _{m,0}$). We note that the pullback $\rho _{m,j}^\star ( \gamma ^1_j \cap [F^1_j])$ is typically nontransverse and so further excess classes will enter into the formula; however, since we will push back down along $\rho $, there is no need to describe these. This formula provides a quantitative relationship between the strict transform and the refined total transform of $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}^{\max }(X|D_1,\beta )$.

3.4.2 Excess locus for $D_2$

For $i=2$ there is no result analogous to Theorem 3.2 and there are typically several minimal cones

$$ \begin{align*} \theta \in \mathsf{T}^{\max}_{0,2}(X|D_2,\beta)_{j-1} \end{align*} $$

which map into $\operatorname {Star}(\sigma _j)$. It is possible to construct examples where these minimal cones have different dimensions. This is not surprising; the subdivision of $\mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ is constructed with reference to $D_1$ and so is typically insensitive to the geometry of $D_2$.

Let us denote the minimal cones of $\mathsf {T}_{0,2}^{\max }(X|D_2,\beta )_{j-1}$ mapping into $\operatorname {Star}(\sigma _j)$ by

$$ \begin{align*} \theta_j(1), \ldots, \theta_j(l_j). \end{align*} $$

We note that some of these cones may be exceptional; that is, the corresponding strata

$$ \begin{align*} Z(\theta_j(k))_{j-1} \subseteq \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)_{j-1} \end{align*} $$

may have positive dimension over $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}^{\max }(X|D_2,\beta )$. The irreducible components of the excess locus $F^2_j$ are the fibre products

$$ \begin{align*} F^2_j(k) = Z(\theta_j(k))_{j-1} \times_{Z(\sigma_j)_{j-1}} E_j. \end{align*} $$

As before, each such component is an explicit weighted projective bundle of dimension $r-1$ over the stratum $Z(\theta _j(k))_{j-1}$. Its excess dimension is determined by the dimension of the cone $\theta _j(k)$ and is at most $r-2$. The excess class $\gamma _j^2$ may be written as a sum of classes pushed forward from the irreducible components (such an expression is necessarily nonunique, but see Remark 3.5). We arrive at the correction term:

(22)$$ \begin{align} \rho_{j,j-1}^\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)_{j-1}] = [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)_{j}] + \Sigma_{k=1}^{l_j} \gamma^2_j(k) \cap [F_j^2(k)]. \end{align} $$

Applying this iteratively, at each level of the tower (18), we obtain

(23)$$ \begin{align} && \rho^\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)] = [\mathsf{K}^{\max}_{0,2}(X|D_2,\beta)^\dagger] + \sum_{j=1}^m \sum_{k=1}^{l_j} \rho_{m,j}^\star \left( \gamma^2_j(k) \cap [F^2_j(k)] \right) && \end{align} $$

in $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )^\dagger = \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )_m$.

3.5 Corrected product formula and local-logarithmic correspondence

Expressions (21) and (23) allow us to compare the intersections before and after blowing up. We obtain

$$ \begin{align*} & \rho^\star \big( [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)] \cdot [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)] \big)\\ & \quad = \, [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)^\dagger]\cdot[\mathsf{K}^{\max}_{0,2}(X|D_2,\beta)^\dagger]\\& \qquad + \rho^\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)] \cdot \sum_{j=1}^m \sum_{k=1}^{l_j} \rho_{m,j}^\star \left( \gamma^2_j(k) \cap [F^2_j(k)] \right)\\& \qquad + \rho^\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)] \cdot \sum_{j=1}^m \rho_{m,j}^\star \left( \gamma^1_j \cap [F^1_j] \right)\\& \qquad - \sum_{j_1=1}^m \sum_{j_2=1}^m \left( \rho_{m,j_1}^\star \left(\gamma^1_{j_1} \cap [F^1_{j_1}] \right) \cdot \sum_{k=1}^{l_{j_2}} \rho_{m,j_2}^\star \left( \gamma^2_{j_2}(k) \cap [F^2_{j_2}(k)] \right)\kern-2pt \right). \end{align*} $$

We now apply $\rho _\star $ to this. The first term on the right-hand side pushes forward to

$$ \begin{align*} [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D,\beta)] \end{align*} $$

by (14). On the other hand, the second and third terms push forward to zero by the projection formula, since the individual correction terms vanish under pushforward:

$$ \begin{align*} (\rho_{j,j-1})_\star \left(\gamma^1_{j} \cap [F^1_{j}] \right) = 0 , \qquad (\rho_{j,j-1})_\star \left( \gamma^2_{j}(k) \cap [F^2_{j}(k)] \right)=0. \end{align*} $$

Similarly, in the final term only products of correction terms with $j_1=j_2$ can survive. We obtain the comparison of logarithmic and naive virtual classes.

Theorem 3.4. The following relation holds in $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$:

$$ \begin{align*} [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)] \cdot[\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)] & = [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D,\beta)]\\ & \quad - \sum_{j=1}^m (\rho_{j,0})_\star \left( \sum_{k=1}^{l_{j}} (\gamma^1_{j}\cap [F^1_{j}])\cdot (\gamma^2_j(k) \cap [F^2_{j}(k)]) \right). \end{align*} $$

Pushforward along the morphism F produces the corrected local-logarithmic correspondence by Lemma 3.1.

In ongoing work, we calculate the terms explicitly and identify situations in which they vanish, establishing new cases of the numerical local-logarithmic correspondence.

3.6 Stacky subdivisions, roots and weighted blowups

The key formula (19) above (along with its more specific counterparts (20) and (22)) requires a generalisation of Fulton’s blowup formula to weighted blowups. For this, it is more convenient to interpret each weighted blowup as a smooth orbitoroidal embedding, rather than a logarithmically smooth toroidal embedding. We now explain this process. The basic idea is that a weighted blowup factors uniquely as a root stack followed by an ordinary blowup. We assume familiarity with the basics of toric orbifolds [Reference Borisov, Chen and Smith9, Reference Fantechi, Mann and Nironi14].

For $j \in \{1,\ldots ,m\}$ the weighted stellar subdivision $\mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )_j \to \mathsf {T}_{0,2}(X,\beta )_{j-1}$ is induced by a primitive weight vector $w_j \in \sigma _j \cap N_{\sigma _j}$ where $N_{\sigma _j}$ is the lattice of integral points. The lattice has a natural basis $v_1,\ldots ,v_{r}$ dual to the edge lengths of the associated tropical curve, and we can write $w_j = m_1 v_1 + \ldots + m_{r} v_{r}$ with each $m_i> 0$. Let

(24)$$ \begin{align} N_{\sigma_j}^\diamond \subseteq N_{\sigma_j} \end{align} $$

be the finite-index sublattice generated by $m_1 v_1,\ldots ,m_{r} v_{r}$. The triple $(\sigma _j,N_{\sigma _j},N_{\sigma _j}^\diamond )$ constitutes a stacky cone and hence corresponds to an affine toric orbifold, with isotropy given by the cokernel of the lattice inclusion (24). This globalises uniquely to a family of compatible sublattices, producing a stacky modification:

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{T}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_{j-1}^\diamond \to \mathsf{T}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_{j-1}.\end{align*} $$

This is a stacky cone complex; that is, a complex of stacky cones. By [Reference Borne and Vistoli10, §4] the stacky modification induces a nonrepresentable toroidal modification:

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_{j-1}^\diamond \to \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_{j-1}.\end{align*} $$

This is an iterated root stack, with rooting index $m_i$ along the divisor $Z_i$ corresponding to the ray $v_i$. Let

$$ \begin{align*} Z_i/m_i \subseteq \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_{j-1}^\diamond\end{align*} $$

denote the gerby divisor in the root stack; note that $m_i \cdot (Z_i/m_i)=Z_i$, which justifies the notation. The resulting space $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )_{j-1}^\diamond $ is an orbitoroidal embedding; that is, a pair which is locally isomorphic to a toric orbifold.

The weight vector $w_j$ has co-ordinates $(1,\ldots ,1)$ in the lattice $N_{\sigma _j}^\diamond $. We denote the stellar subdivision at $w_j$ by

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{T}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_j \to \mathsf{T}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_{j-1}^\diamond.\end{align*} $$

This produces an associated toroidal modification

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_j \to \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_{j-1}^\diamond \end{align*} $$

which is the blowup of the intersection of the gerby divisors $Z_i/m_i$. The composite

(25)$$ \begin{align} \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_j \to \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_{j-1}^\diamond \to \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta)_{j-1} \end{align} $$

is a stacky toroidal modification in the sense of [Reference Molcho22, §3.1], with relative coarse moduli space given by the ordinary weighted blowup. Locally, $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )_j$ is the toric stack canonically associated to the simplicial toric variety obtained via the ordinary weighted blowup [Reference Fantechi, Mann and Nironi14, Theorem 4.11].

Strictly speaking, the above construction differs from the output of the weak semistable reduction algorithm, the latter being the relative coarse moduli space of the former. Crucially, however, the above construction still results in an integral and saturated morphism $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X|D_1,\beta )^\dagger \to \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )^\dagger $, which is all we require.

The composition (25) shows that this stacky toroidal modification is the composition of a root stack and an ordinary blowup. We obtain the weighted blowup formula by pulling back to the root stack and applying the ordinary blowup formula. Pullbacks of characteristic classes to the root stack are well-understood. Since $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ is a smooth Deligne–Mumford stack, it follows inductively that each $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )_j$ is also a smooth Deligne–Mumford stack (see Corollary 2.10).

3.7 Example

We now apply the iterated blowup procedure to the plane conic example of Subsection 1.2, calculating the defect between local/naive and logarithmic theories. To indicate how the discussion generalises, we employ the same notation as used in Subsections 3.3–3.5.

Consider degree $2$ logarithmic stable maps to $(\mathbb {P}^2|H_1+H_2)$ with maximal tangency at two distinct markings. By Subsection 2.6 the relevant floral cones in $\mathsf {T}_{0,2}(\mathbb {P}^2,2)$ are

The iterated blowup is obtained by first blowing up $Z(\sigma _1)$ and then blowing up the strict transform of $Z(\sigma _2)$. The blowup weights are trivial because all edges have expansion factor $1$. In the notation of Subsection 3.3 we have

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(\mathbb{P}^2,2)_0 & = \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(\mathbb{P}^2,2) \\ \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(\mathbb{P}^2,2)_1 & = \operatorname{Bl}_{Z(\sigma_1)} \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(\mathbb{P}^2,2) \\ \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(\mathbb{P}^2,2)^\dagger = \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(\mathbb{P}^2,2)_2 & = \operatorname{Bl}_{Z(\sigma_2)_1} \operatorname{Bl}_{Z(\sigma_1)} \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(\mathbb{P}^2,2) \end{align*} $$

where $Z(\sigma _2)_1 \subseteq \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(\mathbb {P}^2,2)_1$ is the strict transform of $Z(\sigma _2) \subseteq \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(\mathbb {P}^2,2)$. Following Subsection 3.4, we calculate the excess loci and correction terms at each step. For $Z(\sigma _1)$, the minimal cones mapping to $\operatorname {Star}(\sigma _1) \subseteq \mathsf {T}_{0,2}(\mathbb {P}^2,2)$ are

As guaranteed by Theorem 3.2, there is a unique minimal cone $\tau _1 \leq \mathsf {T}_{0,2}^{\max }(\mathbb {P}^2|H_1,2)$ mapping to $\operatorname {Star}(\sigma _1)$. On the other hand, we see that in this case there are two minimal cones $\theta _1(1),\theta _1(2) \leq \mathsf {T}_{0,2}^{\max }(\mathbb {P}^2|H_2,2)$ mapping to $\operatorname {Star}(\sigma _1)$. Note in particular that $\theta _1(2)$ maps to $\operatorname {Star}(\sigma _1)$ but not to $\sigma _1$ itself.

The exceptional divisor $E_1 \subseteq \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(\mathbb {P}^2,2)_1 = \operatorname {Bl}_{Z(\sigma _1)} \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(\mathbb {P}^2,2)$ is a $\mathbb {P}^1$ bundle over the stratum $Z(\sigma _1)$. Correspondingly, the excess loci

$$ \begin{align*} F_1^1 \subseteq \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1,2)_1^{\operatorname{tot}}, \quad F_1^2(1), F_1^2(2) \subseteq \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_2,2)_1^{\operatorname{tot}}\end{align*} $$

are $\mathbb {P}^1$ bundles over the maximal strata mapping to $Z(\sigma _1)$:

$$ \begin{align*} Z(\tau_1) \subseteq \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1,2), \quad Z(\theta_1(1)), Z(\theta_1(2)) \subseteq \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_2,2).\end{align*} $$

Since $Z(\theta _1(1))$ and $Z(\theta _1(2))$ are strata of codimension $2$, $F_1^2(1)$ and $F_1^2(2)$ have excess dimension $-2+1=-1$; that is, they do not carry an excess class. We conclude that the correction term arising from the first blowup vanishes.

We now blow up $Z(\sigma _2)_1$, the strict transform of $Z(\sigma _2)$. The minimal cones mapping to $\operatorname {Star}(\sigma _2) \subseteq \mathsf {T}_{0,2}(\mathbb {P}^2,2)_1$ are

The exceptional divisor $E_2$ in $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(\mathbb {P}^2,2)_2$ is again a $\mathbb {P}^1$ bundle over $Z(\sigma _2)_1$ and so the excess loci

$$ \begin{align*} F_2^1 \subseteq \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1,2)_2^{\operatorname{tot}}, \quad F_2^2(1) \subseteq \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_2,2)_2^{\operatorname{tot}} \end{align*} $$

are $\mathbb {P}^1$ bundles over $Z(\tau _2)_1$ and $Z(\theta _2(1))_1$. Both of these strata have codimension $1$, so both excess loci have excess dimension $0$ and in each case the excess class is simply the fundamental class of the excess locus. We conclude that the correction term in $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(\mathbb {P}^2,2)_2$ is the product

$$ \begin{align*} [F_2^1] \cdot [F_2^2(1)].\end{align*} $$

Denoting the blowup morphisms by

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(\mathbb{P}^2,2)_2 \xrightarrow{\rho_{2,1}} \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(\mathbb{P}^2,2)_1 \xrightarrow{\rho_{1,0}} \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(\mathbb{P}^2,2),\end{align*} $$

we have from Theorem 3.4:

$$ \begin{align*} [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1,2)] \cdot [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_2,2)] = [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1+H_2,2)] - (\rho_{1,0})_\star(\rho_{2,1})_\star \left( [F_2^1] \cdot [F_2^2(1)] \right).\end{align*} $$

It remains to calculate the final term. Let $i \colon E_2 \hookrightarrow \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(\mathbb {P}^2,2)_2$ denote the inclusion and let $\pi \colon E_2 \to Z(\sigma _2)_1$ denote the bundle projection. We have

$$ \begin{align*} [F_2^1] = i_\star \pi^\star [Z(\tau_2)_1], \quad [F_2^2(1)] = i_\star \pi^\star [Z(\theta_2(1))_1],\end{align*} $$

from which we obtain

$$ \begin{align*} [F_2^1] \cdot [F_2^2(1)] = i_\star \left( -H \cap \pi^\star ( [Z(\tau_2)_1] \cdot [Z(\theta_2(1))_1] ) \right) \end{align*} $$

where $H=-c_1(N_{E_2})$ is the fibrewise hyperplane class of the projective bundle. Using $\pi _\star H = 1$ and the projection formula, we obtain

$$ \begin{align*} (\rho_{2,1})_\star \left( [F_2^1] \cdot [F_2^2(1)] \right) = - j_\star \left( [Z(\tau_2)_1] \cdot [Z(\theta_2(1))_1] \right)\end{align*} $$

where $j \colon Z(\sigma _2)_1 \hookrightarrow \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(\mathbb {P}^2,2)_1$ is the inclusion. The intersection $Z(\sigma _1) \cap Z(\sigma _2)$ is a divisor in $Z(\sigma _2)$ and, consequently, the strict transform $Z(\sigma _2)_1 \to Z(\sigma _2)$ is an isomorphism. We thus have

$$ \begin{align*} (\rho_{0,1})_\star (\rho_{2,1})_\star \left( [F_2^1] \cdot [F_2^2(1)] \right) = - k_\star \left( [Z(\tau_2)] \cdot [Z(\theta_2(1))] \right) \end{align*} $$

where $k \colon Z(\sigma _2) \hookrightarrow \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(\mathbb {P}^2,2)$ is the inclusion. The intersection of $Z(\tau _2)$ and $Z(\theta _2(1))$ inside $Z(\sigma _2)$ is transverse. We denote this locus by

$$ \begin{align*} W = Z(\tau_2) \cap Z(\theta_2(1)) \subseteq Z(\sigma_2) \subseteq \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(\mathbb{P}^2,2). \end{align*} $$

Geometrically, it parametrises pairs of lines through the point $H_1 \cap H_2$ joined to a contracted component of the source curve containing both markings. It has dimension $3$ and we conclude

(26)$$ \begin{align} [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1,2)] \cdot [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_2,2)] = [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1+H_2,2)] + [W].\end{align} $$

This precisely quantifies the difference between the local/naive and logarithmic theories. In this case, the formula reflects the geography of the naive space, which consists of two irreducible components corresponding to the two terms on the right-hand side. On the other hand, the iterated blowup procedure gives a general-purpose algorithm which does not rely on ad hoc descriptions of the naive space.

It is easy to find insertions which pair nontrivially with $[W]$. Introduce two additional markings with no tangency conditions and consider the forgetful morphism $F \colon \mathsf {K}_{0,4}(\mathbb {P}^2,2) \to \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(\mathbb {P}^2,2)$. Applying $F^\star $ to (26) gives

$$ \begin{align*} [\mathsf{K}_{0,4}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1,2)] \cdot [\mathsf{K}_{0,4}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_2,2)] = [\mathsf{K}_{0,4}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1+H_2,2)] + F^\star[W].\end{align*} $$

We cap this with the insertion $\gamma = \psi _1 \operatorname {ev}_3^\star (\operatorname {pt}) \operatorname {ev}_4^\star (\operatorname {pt})$ on $\mathsf {K}_{0,4}(\mathbb {P}^2,2)$. The correction term is

(27)$$ \begin{align} \gamma \cap F^\star[W] = \psi_1 \cap [\overline{{\mathcal M}}\vphantom{{\mathcal M}}_{0,4}] = 1\end{align} $$

as the point constraints fix the moduli of the two lines. On the other hand, the strong form of the local-logarithmic correspondence for smooth pairs gives

$$ \begin{align*} \gamma \cap [\mathsf{K}_{0,4}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1,2)] \cdot [\mathsf{K}_{0,4}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_2,2)] & = \gamma \cdot \operatorname{ev}_1^\star(H) \operatorname{ev}_2^\star(H) \cap [\mathsf{K}_{0,4}(\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}^2}(-1)^{\oplus 2},2)]^{\operatorname{vir}} \\ & = \operatorname{ev}_1^\star (H) \psi_1 \operatorname{ev}_2^\star (H) \operatorname{ev}_3^\star(\operatorname{pt}) \operatorname{ev}_4^\star(\operatorname{pt})\, \mathrm{e}(\mathrm{R}^1 \pi_\star f^\star \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}^2}(-1))^2\\ & \quad \cap [\mathsf{K}_{0,4}(\mathbb{P},2)]. \end{align*} $$

We compute this by torus localisation. Let $H_0,H_1,H_2 \subseteq \mathbb {P}^2$ be the coordinate hyperplanes and $p_0,p_1,p_2 \in \mathbb {P}^2$ be the coordinate points. We choose the following equivariant lifts of the insertions:

$$ \begin{align*} \operatorname{ev}_1^\star (H_0) \psi_1 \operatorname{ev}_2^\star (H_1) \operatorname{ev}_3^\star(p_0) \operatorname{ev}_4^\star(p_1). \end{align*} $$

We equip the first copy of $\mathcal {O}_{\mathbb {P}^2}(-1)$ with the torus action which has weight zero at $p_0$ and equip the second copy of $\mathcal {O}_{\mathbb {P}^2}(-1)$ with the torus action which has weight zero at $p_1$. Under these choices of weights and equivariant insertions, the only graph contributing to the localised integral is

and a direct calculation of its contribution gives:

(28)$$ \begin{align} \gamma \cap [\mathsf{K}_{0,4}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1,2)] \cdot [\mathsf{K}_{0,4}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_2,2)] = 1. \end{align} $$

Combining (28) and (27) with (26), we obtain the logarithmic invariant

$$ \begin{align*} \gamma \cap [\mathsf{K}_{0,4}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^2|H_1+H_2,2)] = 1-1 = 0.\end{align*} $$

This value can be independently verified using heuristic arguments relating the logarithmic invariant to tropical curve counts.

4.1 Setup

Consider a pair $(Z|E)$ with $E=E_1+E_2$ and each $E_i$ a hyperplane section. We have embeddings

$$ \begin{align*} (Z|E_i)\hookrightarrow (\mathbb{P}^{n_i}|H_i) \end{align*} $$

where $H_i$ is a hyperplane. Let $X=\mathbb {P}^{n_1}\times \mathbb {P}^{n_2}$ and $D=D_1+D_2$ be the simple normal crossings divisor induced by the $H_i$. There is a closed embedding $Z \hookrightarrow X$ with $E_i = Z \cap D_i$.

Lemma 4.1. The following morphisms of moduli spaces are strict:

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(Z,\beta) & \to \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(X,\beta),\\ \mathsf{K}^{\max}_{0,2}(Z|E_i,\beta) & \to \mathsf{K}^{\max}_{0,2}(X|D_i,\beta), \ \ \text{for }i \in \{1,2\}, \\ \mathsf{K}^{\max}_{0,2}(Z|E,\beta) & \to \mathsf{K}^{\max}_{0,2}(X|D,\beta).\end{align*} $$

They carry relative perfect obstruction theories given (in every case) by

$$ \begin{align*} (\pi_\star f^\star \mathrm{N}_{Z|X})^\vee[1],\end{align*} $$

and the induced virtual pullback morphism identifies the virtual fundamental classes.

Lemma 4.2. The following square is Cartesian:

and satisfies

$$ \begin{align*} [\mathsf{K}^{\max}_{0,2}(Z|E,\beta)]^{\operatorname{vir}} = i^![\mathsf{K}^{\max}_{0,2}(X|D,\beta)]. \end{align*} $$

The analogous statements hold for $(Z|E_i) \to (X|D_i)$.

4.2 Virtual birational models

The blowups in Section 3 may now be pulled back. For $j\in \{1,\ldots ,m\}$ we obtain virtual birational models:

Since $i \colon \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(Z,\beta ) \to \mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ is strict, the morphism

(29)$$ \begin{align} \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(Z,\beta)_j \to \mathsf{K}_{0,2}(Z,\beta)\end{align} $$

is also a logarithmic modification. The space $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(Z,\beta )_j$ carries a natural perfect obstruction theory, and the pushforward morphism (29) identifies the virtual classes [Reference Ranganathan26, §3.5].

We similarly obtain virtual strict transforms

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(Z|E_i,\beta)_m \to \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(Z|E_i,\beta)_{m-1} \to \cdots \to \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(Z|E_i,\beta)_0 = \mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(Z|E_i,\beta) \end{align*} $$

for $i\in \{1,2\}$, and a comparison of obstruction theories gives

$$ \begin{align*} [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(Z|E_i,\beta)_j]^{\operatorname{vir}} = i^! [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_i,\beta)_j].\end{align*} $$

4.3 Corrected product formula

We first restrict to the case where Z is convex, so that products in $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(Z,\beta )_j$ are well-defined. Applying the virtual pullback $i^!$ to the blowup formulae (20) and (22) results in the following relations in $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(Z,\beta )_j$:

(30)$$ \begin{align} \rho_{j,j-1}^\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(Z|E_1,\beta)_{j-1}]^{\operatorname{vir}} & = [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(Z|E_1,\beta)_{j}]^{\operatorname{vir}} + \gamma^1_j \cap [F_j^1]^{\operatorname{vir}}, \end{align} $$

(31)$$ \begin{align} \rho_{j,j-1}^\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(Z|E_2,\beta)_{j-1}]^{\operatorname{vir}} & = [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(Z|E_2,\beta)_{j}]^{\operatorname{vir}} + \Sigma_{k=1}^{l_j} \gamma^2_j(k) \cap [F_j^2(k)]^{\operatorname{vir}}. \end{align} $$

As in Subsections 3.4 and 3.5, we now pass up the tower of logarithmic blowups, take the product and then push back down to $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(Z,\beta )$, obtaining the following.

Theorem 4.3. The following relation holds in $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(Z,\beta )$:

$$ \begin{align*} [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(Z|E_1,\beta)]^{\operatorname{vir}} \cdot[\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(Z|E_2,\beta)]^{\operatorname{vir}} & = [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(Z|E,\beta)]^{\operatorname{vir}}\\ & \quad - \sum_{j=1}^m (\rho_{j,0})_\star \left( \sum_{k=1}^{l_{j}} (\gamma^1_{j}\cap [F^1_{j}]^{\operatorname{vir}})\cdot (\gamma^2_j(k) \cap [F^2_{j}(k)]^{\operatorname{vir}})\right). \end{align*} $$

Applying $F_\star $ gives the corrected local-logarithmic correspondence.

If Z is not convex, the Chow groups of $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(Z,\beta )$ need not admit a product and the corrected product formula cannot even be formulated. Instead, we apply $i^!$ to Theorem 3.4 to obtain

$$ \begin{align*} i^! \left( [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_1,\beta)] \cdot[\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(X|D_2,\beta)] \right) & = [\mathsf{K}_{0,2}^{\max}(Z|E,\beta)]^{\operatorname{vir}}\\ & \quad - i^! \sum_{j=1}^m (\rho_{j,0})_\star \left( \sum_{k=1}^{l_{j}} (\gamma^1_{j}\cap [F^1_{j}])\cdot (\gamma^2_j(k) \cap [F^2_{j}(k)]) \right). \end{align*} $$

The strong form of the local-logarithmic correspondence for $(X|D_1)$ and $(X|D_2)$ can be used to identify the left-hand side with the local theory of $\mathcal {O}_Z(E_1)\oplus \mathcal {O}_Z(E_2)$ capped with $\operatorname {ev}_1^\star E_1 \cdot \operatorname {ev}_2^\star E_2$. Applying $F_\star $ we again obtain the corrected local-logarithmic correspondence. A difference with Theorem 4.3 is that the correction terms are calculated in $\mathsf {K}_{0,2}(X,\beta )$ and then pulled back.

5.1 Setup: unobstructed case

Let $X_1,\ldots X_k$ be smooth projective varieties equipped with smooth hyperplane sections $D_1,\ldots , D_k$. As before, we first specialise to the situation where each $X_i$ is a projective space $\mathbb {P}^{n_i}$ and each $D_i=H_i$ is a hyperplane. Let

$$ \begin{align*} \mathbb{P} := \prod_{i=1}^k \mathbb{P}^{n_i} \end{align*} $$

be the target, H the union of pullbacks of hyperplanes $H_i$ from the factors and $\beta $ the curve class.

We work with the space of $k+3$ pointed maps. The final three points will be taken to have zero contact order and each of the first k points will have maximal contact order with the corresponding divisor. We have the following composition of forgetful morphisms:

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf K^{\mathrm{max}}_{0,k+3}(\mathbb{P}|H,\beta)\to \mathsf K^{\mathrm{max}}_{0,k+3}(\mathbb{P}^{n_i}|H_i,\beta_i)\to \mathsf K^{\mathrm{max}}_{0,4}(\mathbb{P}^{n_i}|H_i,\beta_i). \end{align*} $$

The first arrow projects onto the appropriate factor and stabilises the map; the second arrow forgets all marked points except $x_i$ and the three markings with zero contact order. These give rise to a morphism

$$ \begin{align*} \rho \colon \mathsf K^{\mathrm{max}}_{0,k+3}(\mathbb{P}|H,\beta)\to \prod_{i=1}^k \mathsf K^{\mathrm{max}}_{0,4}(\mathbb{P}^{n_i}|H_i,\beta_i). \end{align*} $$

5.2 Primary theory with factorwise insertions

Consider the morphism

$$ \begin{align*} \nu \colon \mathsf{K}_{0,3}(\mathbb{P},\beta) \to \prod_{i=1}^k \mathsf{K}_{0,3}(\mathbb{P}^{n_i},\beta_i) \end{align*} $$

of spaces of ordinary stable maps. It is clear that $\nu $ is proper and birational. We assemble primary insertions on $\mathsf {K}_{0,3}(\mathbb {P},\beta )$ without appealing to the existence of marked points. This is likely well-known to experts. Consider the universal family:

Given a cohomology class $\gamma $ in the target $\mathbb {P}$, we obtain a cycle class $\pi _\star f^\star \gamma $ on $\mathsf {K}_{0,3}(\mathbb {P},\beta )$. Primary invariants are defined by integrating products of such classes. The comparison of diagonals (see the proof of Lemma 3.1) equates these integrals with the ordinary Gromov–Witten invariants:

$$ \begin{align*} \Pi_{j=1}^r \pi_\star f^\star \gamma_j \cap [\mathsf{K}_{0,3}(\mathbb{P},\beta)] = \Pi_{j=1}^r \operatorname{ev}_j^\star \gamma_j \cap [\mathsf{K}_{0,r+3}(\mathbb{P},\beta)].\end{align*} $$

The three auxiliary marked points can be removed by attaching divisorial insertions and appealing to the divisor axiom; alternatively, they may be equipped with arbitrary insertions.

We now restrict to a particular class of insertions: we require that each class $\gamma _j$ is equal to the pullback of a class in $\mathbb {P}^{n_i}$ along one of the projections $\mathbb {P} \to \mathbb {P}^{n_i}$. We refer to this as the primary theory with factorwise insertions. The three auxiliary markings are allowed to carry arbitrary classes; the factorwise constraint only applies to additional markings introduced via the above procedure. We assemble these insertions into a single class on $\mathsf {K}_{0,3}(\mathbb {P},\beta )$:

(32)$$ \begin{align} \gamma = \prod_{i=1}^3 \operatorname{ev}_i^\star \delta_i \cdot \prod_{j=1}^r \pi_\star f^\star \gamma_j.\end{align} $$

Theorem 5.2. Local-logarithmic correspondence with primary factorwise insertions

If $\gamma $ is the class (32) with factorwise insertions, then there is an equality

$$ \begin{align*} \gamma \cap \psi_\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,k+3}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}|H,\beta)] = \unicode{x3b1} \cdot \gamma \cap [\mathsf{K}_{0,3}(\oplus_{i=1}^k \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}}(-H_i),\beta)]^{\operatorname{vir}} \end{align*} $$

where $\psi \colon \mathsf {K}_{0,k+3}^{\max }(\mathbb {P}|H,\beta ) \to \mathsf {K}_{0,3}(\mathbb {P},\beta )$ and $\unicode{x3b1} = \Pi _{i=1}^k (-1)^{d_i+1} d_i$.

Proof. There is a commutative diagram

with $\rho $ and $\nu $ birational. Because $\gamma $ is assembled from primary factorise insertions, it follows that $\gamma =\nu ^\star \delta $ for some class $\delta $. This can be seen by comparing the universal curve over $\mathsf {K}_{0,3}(\mathbb {P},\beta )$ to the pullback of the universal curve over $\mathsf {K}_{0,3}(\mathbb {P}^{n_i},\beta _i)$.

The product formula [Reference Behrend8] applied to the total spaces of $\mathcal {O}_{\mathbb {P}^{n_i}}(-H_i)$ shows that the local class associated to $\oplus _{i=1}^k \mathcal {O}_{\mathbb {P}}(-H_i)$ pushes forward along $\nu $ to the product of the local classes associated to $\mathcal {O}_{\mathbb {P}^{n_i}}(-H_i)$. Combining with the local-logarithmic correspondence for the smooth pairs $(\mathbb {P}^{n_i},H_i)$ gives

$$ \begin{align*} \varphi_{\star} \left( \Pi_{i=1}^k [\mathsf{K}_{0,4}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^{n_i}|H_i,\beta_i)] \right) = \unicode{x3b1} \cdot \Pi_{i=1}^k [\mathsf{K}_{0,3}(\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n_i}}(-H_i),\beta_i)]^{\operatorname{vir}} = \unicode{x3b1} \cdot \nu_{\star} [\mathsf{K}_{0,3}(\oplus_{i=1}^k \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}}(-H_i),\beta)]^{\operatorname{vir}}.\end{align*} $$

From this and the projection formula applied to $\nu $, we conclude

$$ \begin{align*} \gamma \cap \psi_\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,k+3}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}|H,\beta)] & = \delta \cap \varphi_\star \rho_\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,k+3}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}|H,\beta)] \\ & = \delta \cap \varphi_\star \left( \Pi_{i=1}^k [\mathsf{K}_{0,4}^{\max}(\mathbb{P}^{n_i}|H_i,\beta_i)] \right) \\ & = \unicode{x3b1} \cdot \delta \cap \nu_\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,3}(\oplus_{i=1}^k \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}}(-H_i),\beta)]^{\operatorname{vir}} \\ & = \unicode{x3b1} \cdot \gamma \cap [\mathsf{K}_{0,3}(\oplus_{i=1}^k \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}}(-H_i),\beta)]^{\operatorname{vir}}. here \end{align*} $$

5.3 Virtual pullback

In light of the preceding result, note that for an arbitrary section pair $(X|D)$ of product type, an identical construction produces a Cartesian diagram:

The horizontal arrows possess compatible perfect obstruction theories, as in Section 4. The right vertical map is birational; therefore, we conclude that the left vertical arrow identifies virtual classes. The proof of Theorem 5.2 then applies verbatim, extending the correspondence to section pairs:

$$ \begin{align*}\gamma \cap \psi_\star [\mathsf{K}_{0,k+3}^{\max}(X|D,\beta)]^{\operatorname{vir}} = \unicode{x3b1} \cdot \gamma \cap [\mathsf{K}_{0,3}(\oplus_{i=1}^k \mathcal{O}_{X}(-D_i),\beta)]^{\operatorname{vir}}.\end{align*} $$

Remark 5.4. We do not believe that the product structure is the true reason for the result; products only produce a birational morphism that kills the corrections. The morphism

$$ \begin{align*}\mathsf{K}^{\max}_{0,k+3}(\mathbb{P}|H,\beta) \to \prod_{i=1}^k \mathsf{K}^{\max}_{0,4}(\mathbb{P}^{n_i},\beta_i)\end{align*} $$

is a contraction. On the right-hand side there is not necessarily a universal map to $\mathbb {P}$. This is analogous to the quasimap moduli. A study of naive and logarithmic quasimap theory may be worthwhile.