The concept of ‘symbolic interactionism’ has been particularly compelling since its inception as a method for studying human group life and human behaviour. Symbolic interactionism represents one of the most sociological reserach projects in social psychology, and the founders of communication, such as Lazarsfeld, Lewin, and Hovland, are all related to social psychology. Therefore, this article will attempt to answer the following questions through a historical review of the development of social psychology in the United States: symbolic interactionism is so closely related to communication studies, but why is it gradually missing in the establishment of communication studies? Can symbolic interactionism have a new academic resonance with contemporary communication research?

There are profound expressions of remembrance of science and scientists, innovators and educators in Washington, DC. In this article, we survey the outdoor memorials and also include a few indoor memorials, if they are accessible to the public. There appears to be some predominance of physics and physicists, especially related to electricity among the memorials, but other areas of science are also represented. British and European scientists predominate, reflecting the time gap between memorials and contemporary science. Our coverage extends to a few concepts, such as education, with an emphasis on African American participation, energy, and the protection and conservation of the environment.

An EU Fiscal Union is being discussed as a way to avoid future euro-crises and guarantee the stability of the euro. So far, however, it has proved politically impossible, as EU countries are unwilling to give up their sovereignty on fiscal policy. This article develops a bargaining model that sheds light on how fiscal pooling could become politically acceptable. The model differentiates between the ‘South’ (net beneficiaries) and the ‘North’ (net payers). We find that fiscal pooling should be done via a combination of the fiscal instruments with the highest fiscal multipliers. Instead of a single Fiscal Union, we therefore propose a combination of fiscal pooling instruments which, together, add up to the sufficient level of fiscal integration.

This article is devoted to the problem of legal socialization in the context of changes in the global social reality, and the analysis of a set of measures of citizenship legal education as a priority factor of proper legal socialization in modern conditions. The authors’ methodological basis of the research consists of a set of key approaches (synergetic, interdisciplinary, humanistic, cosmopolitan-sociological) and a three-level system of methods: philosophical, general scientific and special scientific methods. The legal statistical method is used for a comprehensive analysis and establishment of certain patterns based on statistical processing of quantitative material collected as a result of the study (certain data from UN and EUROSTAT official documents and publications were used). It is proved that legal socialization conceptualizes two processes for achieving compliance both on the basis of consensus and coercion. Therefore, the task of proper legal policy is the formation of such a mechanism of law-making, law-enforcement and law-interpreting guarantees that take into account the latest requirements of social reality and the classic moral and ethical patterns of existence of civilized nations. It is generalized that the manifestations of the transformation of legal globalization affecting the legal socialization of the individual are manifested in the following: systematic, continuous, rapid renewal of legal knowledge; obtaining legal information through the latest and classic channels; complexity of legal knowledge and practical skills of implementation, interpretation of legal norms; integrativeness; and multiculturalism of legal communication. It is pointed out that citizenship legal education is a priority means of proper legal socialization and a set of legal guarantees to ensure the proper level of proposed citizenship education.

Throughout history, animals have been involved in human life in various ways. People have attributed a special role to birds of prey or exotic birds, including ostriches, whose involvement in entertainment and sports began in the first half of the nineteenth century. This article discusses the origins, development and reception of the ostrich entertainment industry in two areas of nineteenth-century Europe that had significantly different social, political and economic circumstances: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (as it was then known) and partitioned Poland (the example of the Grand Duchy of Posen). The first uses of ostriches for entertainment purposes in Europe consisted of bird exhibitions in travelling menageries, hippodromes and in circus shows. Among the pioneers of this kind of entertainment in the British Isles was William Batty, and in the culturally excluded territories of partitioned Poland it was Ernst Renz, whose Olympic circus, thanks to its diverse programme of shows and performances, provided important entertainment and educational opportunities for Poles under occupation.