Studies have found that mothers normally have high sodium concentrations in their colostrum which shows a rapid decrease in the third day postpartum. A drop in breast milk sodium concentration is highly predictive for successful lactation.

In this study, the relationship between mammary gland permeability and the factors related to mothers and their babies were aimed to be investigated.

The case group consisted of 150 consecutive healthy babies at postpartum 8–15 days. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory and Relationship Scale Questionnaire were applied to the mothers. Milk samples from all mothers were collected. Weights of babies at first month were recorded.

In babies with higher Na concentrations and Na/K ratio in their mothers’ milk, were found to gain less weight at the end of first month and also they were the first babies of the families included in the study. Mothers with higher concentrations of Na in their milk thought they were not appropriate to have a child, had poorer relationships with their own mothers, stated that they had no close friendships and had a past history of mental disorders at significance limits. The EPDS and STAI-I scores of mothers with elevated milk Na concentrations found to be higher.

Regarding this study's results, the risk factors causing an increase in the permeability of the mammary glands were determined as thoughts of not being suitable for motherhood, symptoms of postpartum depression and high levels of anxiety for the mothers.

Women may experience a variety of fears in association with pregnancy and childbirth. Fear can cause significant problem during childbirth and post partum. Fear has been associated with more reported pain in childbirth a longer first and second stage of labor and dissatisfaction with the childbirth experience.

The purpose of this study was to describe the fear and causes associated with pregnancy and childbirth among Kurdish women in Iran.

Twenty-two Kurdish pregnant women in Sanandaj (the capital of Kurdistan province in the West of Iran) were interviewed during third trimester of their pregnancy. A qualitative design was chosen and grounded theory was used for data analysis.

All women expressed at least some fears associated with pregnancy and/or childbirth. Women's fears were related to baby's well-being, process and procedure during labor and childbirth, family life, criticism of husband's family, and attitudes of hospital personnel. The reasons for their fears included: previous negative experiences, knowledge, maternity environment and hospital personnel, baby gender and financial situation.

The findings suggest that childbirth education and health care services requiring more attention and exploration. The findings also highlight the need for a careful review of the existing labor and delivery units and procedures. Midwives need further training in how to meet and support pregnant women with fear related to pregnancy and childbirth.

Postnatal depression as well as postnatal depressive symptoms may have detrimental effects in offspring.

The main objective of this study was to examine the nature of the video interaction guidance method Marte Meo offered new mothers experiencing depression or depressive symptoms.

The aim was to develop knowledge to be utilised in care in order to prevent sufferings for mothers, babies and their families.

Fifteen mothers were recruited from a health centre. They took part in Marte Meo guidance and in-depth interviews.

All mothers experienced Marte Meo in a positive manner, the main point being that they viewed their babies and/or themselves in the videos “from the outside looking in”. This seemed to be the key to facilitating reflection, a renewed sense of vitality and increased capacity for mentalisation. This viewing thus had an overall positive influence on increasing sensitive mother-child interaction and decreasing maternal depressive symptoms as well as facilitating a mentalisation process in the participating mothers, increasing their ability to reflect on their own and others state of mind and in turn recognise their babies as subjects. The results are applied in both community and specialist health services.

Marte Meo may be a helpful method and can also be administrated on a community-based level where the threshold for seeking help is a low one.

Pregnancy is one of events in women's life that is passed without any physical and psychical complications. But in many cases, predisposing factors can result in problems such as anxiety, depression and other psychical complications in this period. In this research we studied about rate of anxiety in pregnant women referred to Sanandaj health centers.

This descriptive study was done with 359 pregnant women referred to health centers of Sanandaj city in 2009. Data collection tools was a questionnaire consists of questions about personal characteristics of samples and zung standard anxiety scale. Finally statistics analyze was performed by descriptive and analytic methods with spss16.

According to these results, rate of anxiety was 24.5% totally that 21.4% was related to mild to moderate and 3/1% for moderate to severe anxiety. Also we didn’t find statistic difference between anxiety score and mothers marriage age (P = .229), parity (P = .981), method of previous delivery (P = .270), education (P = .191), job of mother (P = .531), trimester (P = .931). Also there was statistic difference between anxiety score with unwanted pregnancy by women (P = .001) and their husband (P = .001) and have job in husband (P = .008) and their economic status (P = .015).

Findings of this research showed that husband's unemployment and unwanted pregnancy by them had a role in degrees of anxiety in pregnant women. Therefore health and care providers can reduce of unwanted pregnancy and psychical complications with promoting the women's acknowledge about methods of family planning and also complications of frequent pregnancy.

Obesity has been associated with low resilience and poor quality of life (QoL).

Data on psychological well being (PWB), as a measure of resilience, in obesity are lacking.

Study the level of PWB and QoL among subjects with obesity.

28 subjects with obesity were compared with 28 healthy controls. PWB was measured by means of the PWB questionnaire according to the Ryff's construct, the health-related quality of life was assessed via the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment. Both scales are self-administered. Statistical analyses focused on between-groups differences. Cases and controls were matched for age and gender.

Cases had a statistically lower level of education and rate of current employment than controls. The two groups did not differ for lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric disorder or lifetime treatment with psychoactive drugs. However, cases had a significantly higher rate of current use of psychoactive drugs than controls. As what concerns PWB, cases had a lower total score than controls. In particular, Positive Relationship with others, Self-Acceptance, Purposes in Life, and Personal Growth were the PWB constructs significantly more impaired in cases. Similarly, cases had a worse perception of their general QoL, their physical and psychological health, their quality of social relationships and of environment.

Subjects with obesity have a lower level of PWB and QoL than healthy controls. Since, PWB therapy may increase the individual level of PWB, thus increasing the individual resilience, subjects with obesity should be considered as possible candidates for PWB interventions.

“Revolving Door Syndrome” is usually defined as a cyclical pattern of short-term readmissions to the psychiatric units of health care centers, by young adults with chronic psychiatric disorders. Concerning the actual politics in health care sistems, with sucessive budget cuts and reduction of full-time hospital beds, the authors' aim has been to identify the patients that enter into a vicious circle of being admitted to hospital, discharged, and admitted again, as well as the underlying psychosocial reasons.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with short-term readmissions to psychiatric acute care services, with statistical significance, and clinical interest, within a portuguese sample.

Retrospective cohort study, in which the medical records of patients admitted to Coimbra University Hospitals two or more times (with short-term readmissions) between January and December of 2009, were analysed for socio-demographic characteristics, psychiatric diagnostic, presence of comorbidities, number of hospital admissions within that year, psychofarmacological treatments and presence of social and familiar support.

The authors found that lack of social and familiar support is a strong predictor for “Revolving Door Syndrome”, as well as the presence of a chronic psychiatric disorder.

Carnival in Rio de Janeiro is one of the biggest popular events in the world, gathering millions of people from different countries, social status, beliefs and cultures. As in other events of such magnitude, there are substance abuse problems and, consequently, medical and public order issues.

Since 2005, the “No Hang Over Band” (“Banda Alegria sem Ressaca”) is part of the Carnival schedule and parades through Copacabana beach, enhanced by dancers, celebrities, health professionals, public authorities, politicians, patients and their families, besides many supporters who join the group.

This study aims to reach a massive population with a campaign to prevent substance abuse giving information and alerts about the risks of it and, also, show professional from all around the world a way to do it.

A few months before Carnival, health professionals from Jorge Jaber Clinic present lectures about prevention quoting the preparations to the parade, as they gather supporters and sponsors. The message reaches the population through flyers, clothes and media (newspapers, T.V., radio and internet) before, during and after Carnival.

The parade itself has been growing year after year, when it comes to supporters, sponsors and media exposure. Schools and other institutions have asked more often for lectures. Brazilian people have shown response to the campaign when they seek for more information and treatment.

With efforts from different parts of society and very little financial investment, it is possible to have real influence over a risk population even in adverse situation.

Internet is the fastest growing medium and more than 50 million people seek health information online1. Almost a third of internet users with history of psychiatric disorder had used the internet to seek mental health information2.

A survey was conducted amongst North Wales, UK mental health professionals to understand their knowledge, attitude and practice about this topic. A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed out of which 71 responses were received.

About 39% mental health professionals believed that consultation is the best way to give mental health related information to the patients. Only 5% of mental health professionals always and 46% sometimes advised patients to look at internet for mental health related information. About 50% felt that internet will increase patient's understanding of their illness and 37% felt that it will improve their compliance. Sixty percent people felt that mental health information on internet is evidence-based. About 30% of the mental health professionals thought that the use of internet by mental health patients will increase the patient's anxiety and will increase their visit to the doctor. Majority did not have enough knowledge of websites to suggest to the patients.

Most professionals thought that it is a useful concept but further awareness about evidence-based website for professionals is needed.

Assessment of the etiology of alexithymia is in most studies hindered by recall bias. The aim of the present study was to assess the significance of individual developmental factors at the age of five years for alexithymia in late adolescence. By using data from a child welfare centre check-up at the age of five years, it was possible to avoid recall bias.

The sample consisted of 723 subjects, who were comprehensively examined at the age of five years at a child welfare centre where their state of health, verbal, gross motor, visuo-motor, socio-emotional, and cognitive development were assessed. In late adolescence (mean age 19 years) their alexithymic features were measured using the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20).

In females, none of the developmental factors remained associated with later alexithymic features in the multivariate analyses. However, in males, emphasis on the variables measuring speech development was important. In particular, a variable measuring the ability to comply with multi-part instructions was strongly related with alexithymic features in late adolescence.

The results suggest speech development is a significant factor in the developmental process of alexithymia, at least in males. It is possible that children who have impaired language skills and therefore struggle in social situations have a higher risk of developing alexithymia. This emphasizes the need for further research, to assess how the inadequate speech development predisposes to the emergence of alexithymic features and whether it is a gender-specific phenomenon.

Stigmatization of a psychiatric patient is present both in general population and among health-care professionals.

To determine the attitudes of medical students (MS) towards a person who goes to a psychiatrist, before and after psychiatric rotation, and to compare those attitudes between medical and non-medical students.

The study included 525 MS (2nd and 6th year of studies) and 154 students of law. The study instrument was a 3-part self-reported questionnaire (socio-demographic data, Rosenberg self-esteem scale and a vignette depicting young, mentally healthy person). The experimental intervention consisted of ascribing a “psychiatric label” to only one set of vignettes. All the vignettes (with or without “psychiatric label”) were followed by 14 statements addressing acceptance of a person described by vignette as judged by social distance.

We found more stigmatizing attitudes of the MS in the final year, after psychiatric rotation. The non-medical students had similar tendency to stigmatize as MS before psychiatric rotation. A higher level of stigmatization was evident in regard to a closer relationship between a student and a hypothetic person who goes to a psychiatrist. Neither sex, nor the size of student's place of origin or average academic mark was associated with the tendency to stigmatize.

Psychiatric education can either reinforce stigma or reduce it. Therefore, detailed analyses of educational domains which reinforce stigma should be conducted at the university level, in parallel with national initiative to fight against stigma and discrimination attached to mental health problems and those living with them.

Experimental group consists of n = 150 forensically processed people, who are under security measures and under treatment after the rape. The control group consists of n = 150 forensically processed people after the recidivistic property delicts. The design is a multicentric longitudinal study of the sexual abudes acts.

Socio-demographic differences for the gender are highly significant: p > 0.001, and broken family, migration, and diseases in family are of lower significance. EPQ test shows differences between groups - violent: M±SD = extroversion: 15.53 ± 7.55, neuroticism: 9.10 ± 6.23, psychoticisms: 14.03 ± 5.11, Lay -scale: 10.33 ± 6.70, and recidivists: extroversion: 19. 11 ± 6.55 neuroticism: 6.55 ± 3.11, psychoticims: 9.10 ± 3.05, Lay -scale: 11.20 ± 6.60. BAI test has these significances - violent: numbness: 3.77 ± 0.77 tension: 2.05 ± 0.78 uncontrolness: 1.62 ± 0.85, and recidivists: neurosis: 1.91 ± 0.71, fear: 1.60 ± 0.85 and sweating: 1.85 ± 0.60 with significance P < 0.01. PIE in violent has increased values of destruction and aggression, and in recidivists exploration and conformism.

The destruction score is high in violators in psychological tests, which results in the following psychopathological content: immaturity, personality disorder, post-traumatic conditions. Recommendations in the treatment of violators and recidivists also have forensic significance, except for expertise.

Two self-destructive groups were tested in B&H in the period 01. January 1999. to 31. December 2009. The test group consists of n = 150 subjects who had suicide, and control group consists of n = 150 persons with parasuicidal behaviour. We used: GDL, EPQ, HDRS and Pluchic's test in a longitudinal study.

Self-destructivity has been increasing in B&H. Socio-demographic data of the suicide are: gender = 71.11% ± 3.25 (m) 27.50% ± 3.30 (f), broken family = 35.50% ± 3.77, migration = 55.21% ± 3.20, heredity = 55.10% ± 2.11 and parasuicide: gender = 35.81% ± 4.31 (m), 27.60% ± 2.10 (f), broken family = 55.77% ± 3.90, migration = 58.60% ± 5.15, heredity = 43.50% ± 3.10. EPQ in suicide is: M ± SD-neuroticism = 17.10 ± 8.20, psychosis = 19.72 ± 7.10, and in parasuicide extroversion = 21.20 ± 5.30 and Lay -scale = 14.87 ± 4.40, and significance P < 0.01. HDRS is increased in suicide: H ± SD: depression: 3.30 ± 1.20, emotion of guilt = 3.10 ± 1.20, suicide = 5.80 ± 1.25, early insomnia = 2.20 ± 1.15, anxiety = 2.10 ± 1.15 with P < 0.01, and in parasuicide: hypochondria = 1.45 ± 1.10, depersonalization = 1.90 ± 0.70 with P < 0.01. Pluchic's test separates basic emotions, and all is gathered by matrix of discriminative function.

In the study is proven high level of self-destruction in suicidal and parasuicidal behaviour. Suicide shows faster self-destruction and a way of suicidal end, and parasuicide slower destruction with postponing the suicidal crash. Sign of suicide and parasuicide can be found in both groups of respondents and the ways of expression are different, but definite in suicide.

The aim of this study was to identify differences between the individuals who committed homicide in BiH during the period from 01. January 1999. to 31. December 2009. in the evidently “violent” and “non-violent” way.

Two groups were investigated: 125 “violent” cases who committed homicide of an intimate partner (or filicide) and 125 “non-violent homicides” who killed people who were not members of the immediate family. Social-demographic and psychosocial characteristics of the two groups were investigated and compared. Instruments used in the study included: General Data List (GDL), test of personality characteristics (EPQ - Eizenck HJ), anxiety test (BAI - Beck AT), and emotion index profile (P.I.E - Plutchik R.).

Multivariant regressive analysis differentiates violent from non-violent murderers by predictors: education of father (R = 0.950, x2 = 35.10, df = 2, P < 0.001, OR = 0.125 (95%), Cl = 0.127–0.558), living in the place of the crime scene enviroment (R = 0.815, x2 = 46.75, df = 2, P < 0.001, OR = 0.105, CI = 0.110–0.217), gambling abuse and possible recidivism. Within the psycho-logical predictors domain, violent murderers are differentiated from the non-violent ones by psyhoticism (R = 0.750, df = 2, P < 0.001, OR = 0.710 (95%), CI = 0.290–1.770), destructiveness (R = 0.610, df = 2, P < 0.001, OR = 0.575 (95%), CI 0.970–1.435) incorporation in the PIE tests.

For the violent homicides, owing to personal and family history, presence of the microsocial model of violence transfer augmented by heredity. Important hereditary destructiveness was also found and stressed for the violent group. For the cases of nonviolent homicides several facts as poverty and long-term vulnerability were found to provoke accidental homicide.

The aim of this study was to show the importance of mental disorders in victimologic analysis in the sexual violence in B&H in the post-war period from January 1st 1999. to December 31st 2009.

Mental disorders in victimization was tested on a sample of 175 non-violent female victims with mental disorders. The control group consists of 175 victims of violent victimization.

In a regressive analysis, violent persons were separated from the non-violent ones by these redicting predictive factors: age (R = 0.731, df = 3, x2 =3 .341, P = 0.007 OR = 0.520 (95%), CI = 0.820–0.950), father's education, house, mother's prostitution, sexual abuse and desire for victimization. Members of the control group had more often lived as lodgers (R = 0.015, x2 = 4.431, P = 0.005, OR = 0.203, Cl = 0.390–0.492), with alcohol abuse and high rate of the family violence, nicotinism and sexual abuse. Psychological predictive factors in dividing non-violent from violent victims are: psychoticism (R = 0.791, x2 = 4.783 df = 1, P < 0.001, OR = 0.749, (95%) Cl = 0.368–0,936), HDRS - total: (R = 1.174, x2 = 10.341, df = 1, P < 0.001, OR = 0.770 (95%) CI = 0.650–0.910), incorporation of P = 0.001 in Plutchi's test. Conclusion: Sexual violence among mentally disordered persons makes 20.50% of all victimizations which were committed by patients with personality disorders and neurotic persons. It has been demonstrated that females in B&H were more exposed to sexual violence because of poor mental health protection and increased violence in the family. Transgenerational model of the stress transmission, victimization in microsocial model of violence.

To analyze the forms of anxiety with BEN of the dialyzed patients with sub-hypothesis: socio-demographical, psychopathological, and biological influences.

In B&H dialyzed in 2009. 2879 patients because of chronic renal insufficiency. Dialysis started in B&H on patients with BEN (n = 348) were in the first group, and other the N18 group was formed of patients with other diseases (n = 405). Controls group consists of the patients with other nephrology diseases. Clinical observation lasted from 01.01.2000. to 31.12.2009. when the study was done. Research is a comparative study cut, and the patients are questioned: Renal Registry of B&H, BAI, HDRS, and MMSE.

Patients of the Cases group are the age of: 64.77 ± 8.86, and Controls 53.85 ± 13.6. High socio-demographic significations are the places of living of the Cases group (c2 = 23. 970), P < 0.01; renal diseases in the place of residence (c2 = 23. 970), P < 0.01; in the family (c2 = 23,970); P < =0.001 and the migration (c2 = 4,874); P < 0. 01. BAI scale has very significant group differences P < 0.001 and the level differences at the emerging of the fear, HDRS scale has group signification P < 0.001 and the variables point out depressive and anxiety differences and MMSE cognitive differences.

All patients which are interrogated at the dialysis in B&H from 2000. to 2009 have anxiety. Anxiety is more expressed in Cases group due to Control group, and comorbidity gives endemic factors for presuicidal risk for both groups.

To evaluate the reason of major behavioral problems in alopecia universalis patients, we tried to examine by way of MCMI- III whether these signs are transient, developmental or ingrained.

279 patients with alopecia universalis were studied before and 3 months after treatment with MCMI-III and scheduled psychiatric interview. They were stratified in regard to sex, age, socioeconomic class, age of onset of alopecia (before or after 18yrs) and response. The results were compared with 3000 normal examinees.

There was significant preponderance of personality disorders among patients with early onset (p < 0.003) but not late onset (p = 0.1) alopecia including schizotypal, schizoid, self defeating, borderline and avoidant personalities compared to general population. This was not affected by treatment. (p < 0.004) All patients showed higher scales in axis II disorders including depression, anxiety, drug abuse, alcohol abuse and major thought disorders. (Overall p < 0.02) These were ameliorated with treatment of alopecia. These data were confirmed by scheduled interviews.

This is the first report of severe personality disorder in the context of a medical (dermatological) condition. Childhood onset chronic illnesses can cause serious personality disorders that are stronger predictors than genetics or learned behavior encompassed in previous theories on personality. Alopecia universalis has a more sustained effect due to jeopardizing the development of self image. We recommend that many diseases with their onset during childhood, including type I diabetes, epilepsy, childhood cancers … must not only be treated for concomitant anxiety and depression but for abnormal personality development.

The term burnout was first introduced by Freudenberger several decades ago but remains an important problem in modern working environments. Despite the lack of a generally accepted definition, Maslach and Leither consider that burnout results from chronic stress (in the workplace) that has not been adequately dealt with. Symptoms include emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and the burnout syndrome has also been associated with medical conditions such as headaches, sleep disturbances, irritability, hypertension, anxiety, depression and even acute heart disease. Other consequences include reduced performance and satisfaction at work. The Malasch Burnout Inventory is a widely used and reliable measure which has been used in different populations.

In this study the authors propose to evaluate the prevalence of burnout syndrome in a Portuguese sample of health professionals (doctors and nurses), working in five different hospital settings (surgery, medicine, psychiatry, anesthesiology and laboratory), and its relationship with variables such as social and demographic data, job profile and job satisfaction, and balance between job and personal life. The Portuguese version of the Malasch Burnout Inventory, which has been translated and adapted to the Portuguese population by Melo and Cruz, will be used as well as a semi-structured questionnaire for remaining data.