The body image development begins at an early age. Children with psychopathology may have body image disturbances. It is important to determine nosological specificity of body image disturbances in children.

To reveal body image disturbances in: 20 people (12 boys, 8 girls) having schizophrenia; 18 people (8 boys, 10 girls) with detected fact of sexual abuse (catamnesis study over a 5-year period); control group – 5 boys, 5 girls with normal psycho-physical development.

To reveal body image disturbance in children in case of psychopathology.

All the children were examined clinically and paraclinically by psychiatrist and clinical psychologist (projective techniques; standardized personality questionnaires and semantic method [analysis of statements]).

In children having schizophrenia specific disturbances of proprioceptive self-awareness in the form of senestopathy (feelings of compression, deformation, size loss or size gain of the body) and the idea of physical defect, are considered as the early symptoms of the body dysmorphic disorder. In this group of children disturbances of body scheme, difficulties in right/left orientation were detected. In the group of children with detected fact of sexual abuse the following disturbances took place: the body dysmorphic disorder (self-disgust, considering body to be tainted by the abuser, feeling dirty, compulsive body washing, sensitivity to touch) and senestopathy below one's waist, in the area of genitals, feeling dirtiness of the skin and clothes. In the pictures drawn by the children, they represented themselves older, grotesquely painted their faces, pictured strange haircuts, preferring bright and extravagant clothes.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The digital boom and the media coverage of the sexuality urge the youngest to expose itself more and more via the social networks and other digital applications.

To explore the virtual sexuality of the Tunisian teenagers.

It's a cross-sectional study made in August 2015, including 104 Tunisian teenagers from different social backgrounds and living in Tunis, chosen aimlessly. An auto-railing drafted in Arabic, anonymous and carrying on various items was distributed.

We included 52 boys and 52 girls. Seven of them (6.1%) was not schooled and 68.3% (n = 71) were at high school. Ninety-one of the teenagers (87.5%) reported not have sexual education at school and 74% (n = 77) have already turned to web sites to inquire about sexuality. A regular practice of cybersex at the rate of at least once a week, was founded at 36.5% (n = 36) and 41 teenagers (39.4%) have reported to have already undressed in front of their webcam. The candidates have already consulted a pornographic site at least once in their life in 76.9% (n = 80) of the cases. The allocated time for these virtual activities is made to the detriment of the sleep in 75% of the cases (n = 27). The connection was accompanied with a masturbatory activity in 38.9% (n = 14).

Contrary to preconceived ideas, the computer screen does not protect from sexual risk behaviors. Therefore, a sexual education for the youngest is more than ever necessary to avoid such drift.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

It is known that children with ADHD have deficit in cognitive abilities. However there are different opinions about the nature of this deficit. It is necessary to conduct researchers for revealing specific profile of impairments in different cognitive domains in ADHD children to better understanding the nature of this disorder.

The aim of this research was to examine the hypothesis that children with ADHD have a specific deficit in memory – weakness in delayed memory.

The experimental group included 15 Russian-speaking children with ADHD at age 7–8 years. The control group included 15 typically developing children. The children from experimental and control group were matched for IQ, gender and age. Children from both groups were assessed with NEPSY using memory for names subtest. This subtest is designed to assess the ability to learn the names of children in immediate and delayed conditions. Two-way ANOVA was used to reveal group differences in reproducing the names in two conditions.

We have not revealed significant differences between children from experimental and control group in the reproducing the names in immediate condition.

However, the interaction of condition type and group was significant (P ≤ 0.05). ADHD children were less successful in reproducing the names in delayed condition.

In view of the obtained results, it can be assumed that children with ADHD have specific deficit in memory domain – weakness in delayed memory. It is necessary to confirm this result using different memory tasks.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Inherited thrombophilia is described as a risk factor for burdened obstetrical history. But the relashionships between mothers’ thrombophilic predisposion (MTP) and mental status in their children is not investigated thoroughly.

To investigate the mental and motor neonates’ status, born from MTP.

Case-control study. Thirty-seven children born from MTP were assessed at 1, 3, 6 and 12-month (1st group). MTP carried more than 5 thrombophilic single nucleotide polymorphisms and had burdened obstetrical history; 47 neonates with clear mothers’ obstetrical history and 2 and less SNPs (2nd group); informed consent form. The quantity of term and preterm neonates were equal in groups.

We found the neonates from both group were comparable under the 6-month age (table). But in year-old children mental and/or motor delays were more frequent in 1st group despite on comparable level of paresis and brain ultrasound data. There were no thrombotic episodes in children in 1st group.

There were no direct link between MTP and neurological outcomes in children: paresis and ischemic lesions in brain were not differ in groups. Confirmed MTP can cause mental and motor delays to year-old period, milestones must be supervised thoroughly until 3 y.o.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

We report a case of 17-year-old boy with excessive daytime sleepiness.

Case presented in our study is an example of atypical narcolepsy with coexistence of psychotic symptoms that were especially prominent during the first attack. Excessive daytime sleepiness period was followed by psychotic symptoms including delusions of reference and persecution, as well as visual and acoustic hallucinations. However, during the second attack, negative psychotic symptoms were more prominent.

Clinicians should not forget that child and adolescent patients, which demonstrate psychotic symptoms and excessive daytime sleepiness component, should be evaluated for a diagnosis of primary hypersomnia.

Patient did not exhibit any comorbidities that would match with secondary hypersomnia. The initial sleep study did however reveal increased REM sleep latency (43% of total sleep time). The result of polysomnographic study was abnormal and suggestive of narcolepsy. In multi-sleep latency test mean REM latency was 1.7 min, sleep-onset REM (SOREM) was observed 3 times. Between the tests he had no episodes of cataplexy.

Patient was diagnosed with primary hypersomnia-narcolepsy without cataplexy. We found that mixed symptoms of narcolepsy and psychotic attack improved with anti-psychotic agent treatment.

Child and adolescent patients, which demonstrate psychotic symptoms and excessive daytime sleepiness component, should be evaluated for a diagnosis of primary hypersomnia following a multidisciplinary cooperation of neurologists, pediatricians and psychiatrists.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Adoption constitutes a discontinuity in child care trajectory, that falls into a separation and a lost of reference figures, and therefore, the need to set up new attachment figures into a suitable familiar atmosphere.

This case is a review of how a child adoption process, that can be something positive at first, can also produce many problems in the future, added to dificulties in order to regulate stressing situations and also solving problems.

The clinical case consists in a 25-year-old woman, who suffers from anxiety and self-injure behaviour. She has a diagnosis of non-specified personality disorder with limit characteristics. The patient was adopted a few months after her birth. At the moment she's living with her adoptive father, her adoptive mother passed away when she was 4. At the age of 21, the patient meets her biological mother and since that moment she spends most of the weekends with her. After a few medical appointments, she admits that she has allowed sexual relationships with her biological mother since six months ago.

It's important to appreciate the value of familiar atmosphere, and in addition, the attachment between child and his parental figures. The quality of the attachment is going to have influence in emotional regulation.

Children who have suffered neglect from their biological parents and have been adopted develop attachment behaviours characterized by negative experiences. In spite of being in a good familiar environment, they feel vulnerable and insecure. Early and appropriate attachment experiences can improve relationships between children and their new family.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

It is well known that youth in foster care are at high risk for psychiatric disorders, recently reported in up to 89%, with over 55% exhibiting ADHD in one sample (Linares et al., 2013). Psychotropic medication use was reported in 59% of foster care youth within a 2-month period (Brenner et al., 2013). The psychotropic medication consent process in Los Angeles for dependent children is multidisciplinary, starting with the treating psychiatrist's written authorization request to Children's Dependency Court. Once received, it is distributed to the child's attorney, social worker, and Juvenile Court Mental Health Service (JCMHS). JCMHS reviews and provides recommendations to the judicial officer who ultimately approves, modifies, or denies consent.

To present the steps and reasoning in the process of review, consultation, recommendations and decisions in psychotropic medication consent for dependent youth.

To provide an understanding of the multidisciplinary review process involved in determining psychotropic medication consent in foster care youth.

Presentation of a timeline, forms and guidelines used in the process including the “Psychotropic Medication Authorization Form” (PMA) (Judicial Council of California, 2008).

Categories of recommendations and approvals provided to the judicial officer will be presented and rationales for in-person consultations.

The psychotropic medication consent process for foster care youth is a complex multidisciplinary process which includes a clinically significant set of recommendations from JCMHS to the judicial officer to aid in making informed decisions regarding psychotropic medication.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Catatonia is a potentially life-threatening but treatable neuropsychiatric syndrome. The prevalence of catatonia in children and adolescents is probably underestimated since investigation on this matter is still lacking. Different studies have led to the recognition of catatonia as a separate psychiatric entity, as reflected in DSM-5, renewing interest on this subject. While in the adult population there is evidence highlighting the strong association between catatonia and affective disorders, this has been poorly reflected in child and adolescent psychiatry literature. In fact, most of the research in this population focuses on associations with organic, psychotic or developmental disorders.

We aim to illustrate the diagnostic challenges when facing an adolescent with catatonia encompassing psychiatric, neurologic and immunologic factors known as possible causes for this condition. We aim to explain the diagnostic procedure and the possible clinical results of this workup, as well as raise the discussion around treatment options.

We used a clinical case vignette of a 14-year-old adolescent, presenting with a stress-induced catatonic syndrome and depressive symptoms without any prior organic or psychiatric condition. We reviewed the most relevant literature in order to contextualize our clinical case.

Catatonia is an under-recognized condition in children and adolescents without a prior medical or psychiatric condition, especially when associated with affective disorders. The inclusion of catatonia as a specific syndrome in the psychiatric nosography may help its recognition. Case reports on this matter are therefore especially important as a way of pushing clinical investigation on this matter forward.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Despite categorical differentiation, autistic and psychotic disorders are historically related diagnostic entities and there is still much controversy regarding their limits and developmental course. Particularly in children, the presence of idiosyncratic fears, difficulties in the social sphere and thought disorder are important factors in the differential diagnosis. There are some research-derived clinical constructs that operationalize symptomatology aiming to highlight the interfaces and the overlap between such disorders. Their clinical implications can be extremely relevant in the face of the limits of current nosology.

To phenomenologically describe differentiating parameters and high-risk clinical profiles for the development of psychosis in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Selective review of the literature in PubMed (MEDLINE). Illustration with a clinical case vignette.

The clinical case reflects well the difficulties posed in the differential diagnosis due to the multiple interfaces between autism and psychosis. Constructs such as “multiple complex developmental disorder” or “multidimensionally impaired syndrome” allow a clearer and more practice-friendly characterization of such individuals.

The constelation of symptoms identified in these criteria may become useful through the definition of subgroups of autism spectrum disorder individuals with complex psychopathology. Studies in this regard are still scarce, but the validation and reproduction of the positive results observed in the near future can help optimize the clinical approaches in these children.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a multifaceted clinical entity. Rage attacks have been repeatedly described in the phenotype of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. It has been acknowledged that anxious youth who display rage have more severe clinical profiles and increased levels of dysfunction in most domains, consistent with the notion that rage is a marker of more severe psychopathology. However, this matter remains largely underappreciated in pediatric OCD. Namely, the role and functions of rage in pediatric OCD in relation to family accommodation and illness severity have highly relevant clinical management and treatment implications.

We aim to discuss how does rage look like in pediatric OCD, what are its associated features and its contributions to additional functional impairment. We examine the central role of family accommodation mediating clinical outcomes and review highly relevant diagnostic and treatment challenges.

Selective review of the literature in PubMed (MEDLINE). Illustration with a clinical case vignette.

Rage attacks are relatively common in pediatric OCD, have a negative impact on illness presentation, and contribute to functional impairment above and beyond obsessive-compulsive symptom severity. We hereby illustrate that rage may contribute to family accommodation of symptoms, which may further affect and perpetuate obsessive-compulsive symptom severity and impairment. There is a need to avoid misdiagnosis and to prioritize psychotherapeutic interventions and psychopharmacological treatment approaches. This provides important insights regarding the clinical validity of this component of OCD, aiming to capture further the attention of the clinical and research community.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Encopresis is a not very common disorder. The prevalence of this disorder is about 1.5% after the age of 5 years old and decreased even more as age increased, being very rare in adolescence.

Here we present a clinical case of an 11-year-old girl, with a diagnosis of functional encopresis with constipation and overflow incontinence for 4 years.

In this case, we followed a program consisted of 12 sessions combining different techniques that are on experimental phase. The program we designed consist of toilet training, stablishment-token economy- of a diet high in fiber with a progressive remove of laxative medication and a family intervention with both parents that got divorced 4 years ago.

Having both parents the same frame the patient's problem easily started to decrease. In follow-up (6 and 12 months), we observed good toilet habits and not constipations episodes.

Even though all the techniques used were in experimental phase, we considered that because of the chronicity of this problem a multidisciplinary approach was the best option.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a challenge in child and adolescent psychiatry. In the recent decades many studies with longitudinal designs have used neuroimaging with ADHD patients, suggesting its neurodevelopmental origin.

Study the findings of neuroimaging (MRI, fMRI, DTI, PET) techniques on ADHD patients from a longitudinal point of view, looking also for the potential influence of treatments and other predictors (i.e. genetics).

To provide a global perspective of all the recent findings on ADHD patients with the neuroimaging technics, focusing on longitudinal measurements of the changes in brain development.

We conducted a review of the literature in the databases Pubmed and ScienceDirect (terms ADHD, neuroimaging, MRI, fMRI, DTI, PET, functional connectivity, metilphenidate and cortical thickness). We focused on studies using neuroimaging techniques with ADHD patients, looking at their populations, methodologies and results.

The studies found abnormalities in the structure of grey matter, activity and brain connectivity in many neural networks, with particular involvement of the fronto-parietal and Default Mode Network. There is also convergent evidence for white matter pathology and disrupted anatomical connectivity in ADHD. In addition, dysfunctional connectivity during rest and during cognitive tasks has been demonstrated.

This evidence describe ADHD as a brain development disorder, with delays and disruptions in the global development of the central nervous system that compromises grey and white matters, most evident in the prefrontal cortex, parietal and posterior cingulate cortices, as well as basal ganglia, damaging activity and structural and functional connectivity of various brain networks, especially the fronto-striato-parietal and default mode network.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Two thirds of adolescents with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) show signs of anxiety disorders. They display difficulty in emotion regulation (Van Der Ham et al., 2003; Scordo, 2007).

To investigate into emotion regulation strategies in MVP adolescents.

A projective study of emotion regulation was undertaken with our modified version of Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Test (Zinchenko, Pervichko, 2014). Thirty-six adolescents with MVP (mean age was 17.1 ± 0.8 years) and 40 healthy adolescents (mean age was 16.7 ± 0.6 years) took part in the study.

MVP adolescents significantly more frequently (P < 0.001) would mark Rosenzweig's situations as potentially traumatizing. Ego-defence (E-D) and extrapunitive (E) reactions appear to be significantly (P < 0.05) more frequent among MVP adolescents. MVP adolescents are more than healthy subjects prone to avoid open verbal revelations of their thoughts and feelings that emerge in the situation of frustration. Content analysis of responses conditioned by cognitive control (when the task was to taper off arbitrarily the traumatizing effect of the situation) revealed that suppression of emotions was displayed by MVP adolescents in 52% of answers, and for healthy participants - 29% of answers (P < 0.001). Cognitive reappraisal strategy was displayed by MVP adolescents in 27% of answers, and for healthy participants – 38% of answers (P < 0.05). Twenty-one percent of answers of MVP adolescents and 33% of answers of healthy participants suggested cognitive transformation of emotional experience and actualization of new meanings in traumatic situations (P < 0.05).

MVP adolescents appear to be more sensitive of frustrations and differ from healthy peers in more frequent use of the strategy of suppression of emotions.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The characteristics and the mental functioning of adolescent prostitutes were examined in several studies. Literature associates externalizing problems (i.e. impulsivity) with high rates of sexual activity and high rates of prostitution (Donenberg et al., 2005). Research has identified a link between psychopathology and high rates of health-risking sexual behavior and conduct problems. Despite the identification of psychopathology as a risk factor for the development of health-risking sexual, its role in prostitution has not been well examined.

Although the association between psychopathological disease and engagement in health-risking sexual behavior is documented, the specific nature of the cause or mechanism for the link between psychopathological disease and the development of these behavior problems is not known.

An extensive literature search for relevant published and unpublished studies was conducted on Medline, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Psycoinfo and PsycArticle from inception through September 21, 2015. Additionally, we performed a search in Google Scholar and manually searched by the reference lists of included articles. Comprehensive search strategies were developed using the controlled vocabularies of each database. We systematically searched for relevant studies using a combination of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and corresponding free-text terms. Search term and keywords were altered as per specification of individual database.

Adolescent prostitution is one of the major public health problems and psychopathology plays an important part in it. Adolescent prostitutes’ shown elevated level of psychopathological disease that may reflect the possibility that their psychological functioning leads them to this particular environment.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The use of antipsychotics in children is controversial, one of the considerations to take into account is the possible effect on the values of fasting glucose, prolactin or weight gain are very important.

To study the effect of these drugs on metabolic rate in children.

We measured the weight, waist circumference, fasting glucose and basal prolactin in 6 children at Children's Hospital in the province of Huelva, diagnosed with bipolar disorder and early schizophrenia, atypical antipsychotics before starting treatment and 6 months later.

In the provisional results it is found that a there is not a significant weight gain (less than 3%), no impairment of glucose and only in one case basal prolactin was elevated.

The use of atypical antipsychotics in children should be reserved when strictly necessary. Once established, keep tight control of metabolic parameters, although the data of our study coincide with the literature, do not produce significant alterations.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The “parental multiple-family school” was developed in Buenos Aires (Argentina) by E. Rotenberg, based on the theory and practice of J. García Badaracco's multiple-family psychoanalysis (which further expands on the classical psychoanalysis’ frame), applying it to the kids and their relatives. We will focus on the therapeutic group treating psychosomatic pathology, with the collaboration of the Dermatology department of the Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez.

To highlight the importance of creating spaces to modify the psychic mechanisms and resources of the psychosomatic patient at an infant age.

We describe the “multiple-family parents school”, an open, weekly group, coordinated by two psychologists and assisted by a dermatologist, in which the theories of J. García Badaracco's multiple-family group analysis are applied. We also discuss the importance of applying this system in our clinical practice.

We observed, according to the Dermatology department, very positive and significative changes in every post-group, which could lead to the disappearance of dermatological diseases in different patients without a pharmacological treatment which was previously given as first option. Single-session groups had many advantages, including the removal of waiting lists, a better development of the emotional connection between kids and their families, and a reduction of the therapeutic and professional costs.

We think that starting interventions in multiple-family group therapy in Madrid in order to treat psychosomatic diseases in kids and teenagers should be encouraged after the very positive clinical experience in other cities.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

This study examined the emotional and behavioral functioning among 10–14 year-old children who were born with very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500).

Prospective and cross-sectional study of 90 VLBW (<1500 g) survivors born at the Hospital Universitario la Paz in Madrid, Spain, from 2000 to 2005 who were assessed by interviewers using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Parents also reported on their children's functioning. Children who showed an abnormal SDQ score on the total difficulties subscale or who had psychiatric history were also assessed using the K-SADS-PL.

The proportion of children with abnormal-self-rated-SDQ scores was as follows: almost 25% of children showed an abnormal score on hyperactivity, nearly 15% on emotional problems, 15% on conduct problems and 10% on peer problems. Overall, 15% of children showed an abnormal score on the total difficulties subscale. Most children (99%) showed a normal score on the prosocial subscale. These proportions were higher when the questionnaire was rated by parents. Thirty-eight percent of children were assessed using the K-SADS and very few of them meet the criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder. Biomedical variables were associated in the expected direction to children's SDQ scores such as birth weight, head circumference and Apgar scores.

To conclude, being born with very low birth weight seems to be related to the emotional and behavioral functioning that these children appear to show between 10 and 15 years later.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.