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‘Sanskritization’ and Social Change in India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

A. Bopegamage  and
R. N. Kulahalli
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European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie , Volume 12 , Issue 1 , May 1971 , pp. 123 - 132
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Copyright © Archives Européenes de Sociology 1971

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References

* Srinivas, M. N., Marriage and Family in Mysore (Bombay, New Books Co, 1942)Google Scholar; Religion and Society among the Coorgs of South India (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1952)Google Scholar; A Note on Sanskritization, and Westernization, , Far Eastern Quarterly, XV (1956), 481–496Google Scholar, reprinted in Caste in Modern India (Bombay, Asia Publishing House, 1962); Social Change in Modern India (Berkeley/Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1967)Google Scholar.

(1) Gist, Noel P., American Sociological Review, XXXI (1966), pp. 884–885CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

(2) The only significant criticisms, so far, have come from two Indologists, Raghavan and Staal, and an anthropologist, D.N. Majumdar. These are referred to in the text.

(3) Gist, op. cit.; Nandi, Santosh Kumar, American Journal of Sociology, LXXII (1966–1967), p. 223CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Berreman, G.D., Journal of Asian Studies, XXVI (1967), pp. 333–334CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

(4) Berreman, op. cit.

(5) Aiyappan, A. and Ratnam, Bala eds), Society in India (Madras, Social Science Association, 1956), p. 73Google Scholar. Dube, S. C. writes in Unnithan, T. K. et al. eds), Towards a Sociology of Culture in India (New Delhi, Prentice-Hall of India, 1965), p. 420Google Scholar: “But it appears to have been overworked not so much by its first exponent as by its later enthusiast”.

(6) Srinivas, M. N., Caste in Modern India, op. cit. p. 48Google Scholar.

(7) Aiyappan, and Ratnam, , Society in India, op. cit. p. 113Google Scholar.

(8) Staal, J. F., Sanskrit and Sanskritization, Journal of Asian Studies, XXII (1963), 261–275CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

(9) Society in India, p. 73; Caste in Modern India, p. 61.

(10) Review of Society in India in The Eastern Anthropologist, X (1956–1957), pp. 148–150Google Scholar.

(11) See, for example, Mehton, R. K., Social Theory and Social Structure (Glencoe, Free Press, 1957), chaps, viii and ixGoogle Scholar; Robert K. Merton and Alice Kitt Rossi, Contributions to the Theory of Reference Group Behaviour, and Kelly, Harold H., Two Functions of Reference Groups, in Hyman, Herbert and Singer, E. (eds), Readings in Reference Group Theory and Research (New York, Free Press, 1968), pp. 28–68, 77–83Google Scholar.

(12) Weber, Max, The Methodology of the Social Sciences, trans, and ed. by Shils, E. A. and Finch, H. A. (New York, The Free Press, 1949), pp. 93 sqqGoogle Scholar; The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, trans. and ed. by Henderson, A. M. and Parsons, Talcott (New York, Oxford University Press, 1947), pp. 10–12Google Scholar; Parsons, Talcott, The Structure of Social Action (Glencoe, The Free Press, 1949), pp. 601–615Google Scholar; McKinney, John C., Constructive Typology and Social Research in Doby, John T. (ed.), An Introduction to Social Research (Harrisburg, The Stackpole Co., 1954) PP 139 sqqGoogle Scholar; Id. Methodology, Procedures and Techniques in Sociology, in Becker, Howard and Boskoff, A. (eds), Modern Sociological Theory (New York, Dryden Press, 1957), pp. 186–235Google Scholar; Goode, William J., A Note on the Ideal Type, American Sociological Review, XII (1947), pp. 473–475Google Scholar.

(13) Hempel, G. C., Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philosophy of Science (New York, Free Press, 1965), pp. 155 sqqGoogle Scholar; Fundamentals of Concept Formation in Empirical Science (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1952), pp. 32, 51, 53Google Scholar.

(14) Marriott, quoted in Social Change Modern India, op. cit.: “The relatively slight Sanskritization of Brahmins in this area contains the clue to general slowness of Sanskritization and to the relatively small proportion of great-traditional contents in the religion of the rest of the castes in Kishan Ghari”.

(15) Bailey, F. G., Tribe, Caste and the Nation (Bombay, Oxford University Press, 1960), pp. 188–189Google Scholar; Caste and the Economic Frontier (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1957)Google Scholar.

(16) C. G. Hempel, op. cit.

(17) Hopkins, E. W., Religions of India (Boston/London, Ginn, 1895), pp. 197 sqq.; 348 sqq.Google Scholar; Id. Ethics of India (London 1896)Google Scholar; Id. The Great Epic of India (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1901)Google Scholar; Keith, A. B., The Religion and Philosophy of Veda and Upanishad (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1925)Google Scholar; Id. A History of Sanskrit Literature (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1928)Google Scholar; MacDonell, A. B., A History of Sanskrit Literature (London, William Heinemann, 1900)Google Scholar; Gorham, C. R., Ethics of the Great Religion (London, Watt and Co., 1904)Google Scholar; Apte, V. M., Social and Religious Life in the Grihya-Sutras (Ahmedabad, Gujarat College, 1939)Google Scholar; Bhattacharyya, Sivaprasad, Religious Practices of the Hindus, and Dandekar, R. N., The Role of Man in Hinduism, in Kenneth W. Morgan ed.), The Religion of the Hindus (New York, Ronald Press Co., 1953)Google Scholar; Radhakrishnan, S., Religion and Society (London, Allen and Unwin, 1947), pp. 101–198Google Scholar; Ghurye, G. S., Gods and Men (Bombay, Popular Book Depot, 1962), pp. 3, 4Google Scholar; Id. Caste and Race in India, (Bombay, Popular Prakashan, 1969), pp. 229 sqqGoogle Scholar.

(18) That Sanskritization and Westernization are the manifestations of reference-group behaviour seems to have been noted by Damle, Y. B.: Reference Group Theory with Regard to Mobility within Castes, Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, XXIII (1962–1963), 11–23Google Scholar. Dube (op. cit.) has recently stressed the existence of multiple reference groups.

(19) Ghose, J. C., Principles of Hindu Law (Calcutta, S. C. Anddy and Co., 1903)Google Scholar; E. W. Hopkins, Ethics of India, op. cit.; Monnier-Williams, , Indian Wisdom (London, W. H. Allen and Co., 1876)Google Scholar.

(20) Roy, Anilbaran, The Message of the Gita with commentaries by Aurobindo, Sri (London, George Allen and Unwin, 1938)Google Scholar.

(21) Caste in Modern India, p. 43.

(22) F. G. Bailey, op. cit.; Mayer, Adrian C., Caste and Kinship in Central India (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960), pp. 63, 88, 90Google Scholar; Bopegamage, A. et al. , Status Images in Changing India (New Delhi, UNESCO, 1966)Google Scholar; Bope-Gamage, A. and Kulahaixi, R.N., Caste and Occupation in India (Poona, Gokhale In-stitute of Politics and Economics, 1969), mimeographedGoogle Scholar. Also see Stevenson, H. N. C., Status Evaluation in the Hindu Caste System, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, LXXXIV (1954), 45–65Google Scholar.

(23) Majumdar, D. N., Caste and Communication in an Indian Village (Bombay, Asia Publishing House, 1958), pp. 330 sqqGoogle Scholar.

(24) Srivastava, S. L., The Concept of Sanskritization—A Re-evaluation, Economic and Political Weekly, 04 19th, 1969, pp. 695–698Google Scholar.

(25) See Balachandran, P. K., “Rejoinder”, Economic and Political Weekly, 10 11th, 1969, pp. 1646–1647Google Scholar.

(26) Majumdar, , op. cit. p. 30Google Scholar.