Article contents
Exposure, Power and Impact of Food Marketing on Children: Evidence Supports Strong Restrictions
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 July 2017
Abstract
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- © Cambridge University Press
References
1 “Set of recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children” (Geneva, World Health Organization, 2010), available at www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/recsmarketing/en/index.html, accessed 25 January 2017.
2 Boyland, EJ and Halford, JCG, “Television advertising and branding. Effects on eating behaviour and food preferences in children” (2013) 62 Appetite 236 Google Scholar.
3 “Children and Parents: media use and attitudes report” (Ofcom, 2014), available at www.ofcom.org.uk/research-and-data/media-literacy-research/children/children-parents-oct-14, accessed 24 January 2017.
4 “Children and Parents: media use and attitudes report 2015” (Ofcom, 2015), available at www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/78513/childrens_parents_nov2015.pdf, accessed 25 January 2017.
5 ibid.
6 ibid.
7 Kelly, B, Halford, JCG, Boyland, EJ et al., “Television food advertising to children: a global perspective” (2010) 100 American Journal of Public Health 1730 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
8 ibid.
9 ibid.
10 Boyland, EJ et al., “The extent of food advertising to children on UK television in 2008” (2011) 6 International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 455 Google Scholar.
11 Royo-Bordonada, MA et al., “The extent and nature of food advertising to children on Spanish television in 2012 using an international food-based coding system and the UK nutrient profiling model” (2016) 137 Public Health 88 Google Scholar.
12 Korosec, Z and Pravst, I, “Television food advertising to children in Slovenia: analyses using a large 12-month advertising dataset” (2016) 61(9) International Journal of Public Health 1049 Google Scholar.
13 “WHO Regional Office for Europe nutrient profile model” (Copenhagen, WHO, 2015), available at www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/publications/2015/who-regional-office-for-europe-nutrient-profile-model-2015.
14 Tatlow-Golden, Tracey, Dolphin (n 28 below); Tatlow-Golden, M et al., “Creating good feelings about unhealthy food: Children’s ‘advertised diet’ on the island of Ireland in a climate of regulation” (2016) Irish Journal of Psychology DOI: 10.1080/03033910.2016.1194770 Google Scholar.
15 “Western Europe Digital Ad Spending” (online press release) (New York, eMarketer, 22 November 2016) www.emarketer.com/Report/Western-Europe-Digital-Ad-Spending-Outlays-Will-Pass-35-Billion-2016-Growth-Slowing/2001906, accessed 24 January 2017.
16 “Marketing of foods high in fat, salt and sugar to children: update 2012–13” (Geneva, WHO, 2013) www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/191125/e96859.pdf, accessed 24 January 2017.
17 ibid.
18 O’Neal, S, “The personal-data tsunami and the future of marketing. A moments-based marketing approach for the new people-data economy” (2016) 56 Journal of Advertising Research 136 Google Scholar.
19 Online platforms accompanying the document “Communication on online platforms and the digital single market” (Commission Staff Working Document COM (2016) 288) (Brussels, European Commission, 2016) available at ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/commission-staff-working-document-online-platforms, accessed 6 August 2016; R Arnold, A Hillebrand, M Waldburger, Personal Data and Privacy (Ofcom, 2015), available at stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/internet/personal-data-and-privacy/Personal_Data_and_Privacy.pdf, accessed 16 April 2016.
20 Arnold, Hillebrand, Waldburger, supra note 19; O’Neal, supra note 18.
21 Children’s Online Privacy Protection Rule (“COPPA”), 16 CFR Part 312. (Washington DC, Federal Trade Commission), www.ftc.gov/enforcement/rules/rulemaking-regulatory-reform-proceedings/childrens-online-privacy-protection-rule.
22 Arnold, Hillebrand, Waldburger, supra note 19; Livingstone, S et al., “Risks and safety on the internet: the perspective of European children. Full findings” (London School of Economics, EU Kids Online, 2011)Google Scholar.
23 Montgomery, K, “Youth and surveillance in the Facebook era: policy interventions and social implications” (2015) 39 Telecommunications Policy 771 CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 780.
24 Sweney, M, “Facebook admits it is powerless to stop young users setting up profiles” The Guardian (23 January 2013)Google Scholar, www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jan/23/facebook-admits-powerless-young-users; Sweney, M, “More than 80% of children lie about their age to use sites like Facebook” The Guardian (26 July 2013)Google Scholar, www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jul/26/children-lie-age-facebook-asa.
25 SK Keller and PJ Schulz (below, note 40) p. 780.
26 Coughlan, S, “Safer Internet Day: Young ignore ‘social media age limit’” BBC (9 February 2016)Google Scholar, www.bbc.com/news/education-35524429.
27 Boyland et al. (below, note 38).
28 “Global Privacy Enforcement Network privacy sweep 2015. Concerns over children’s apps and websites” (Data Protection Commissioner, 2015), www.dataprotection.ie/docs/04-09-2015-Concerns-over-childrens-apps-and-websites-/1485.htm.
29 “Complying with COPPA: Frequently Asked Questions. A guide for business and parents and small entity compliance guide” (Question 11) (FTC, 2015), www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/complying-coppa-frequently-asked-questions, accessed 17 February 2017.
30 O’Neal, supra note 18.
31 Tatlow-Golden, M, Tracey, L, Dolphin, L, “Who’s feeding the kids online?” (Dublin, Irish Heart Foundation, 2016)Google Scholar.
32 Freeman, B et al., “Digital junk: food and beverage marketing on Facebook” (2014) 104 American Journal of Public Health e56–64 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
33 Harris, JL, Heard, A, Kunkel, D, “Marketing unhealthy foods to children on Facebook. Social policy and public health concerns” in CV Dimofte, CP Haugtvedt, RF Yalch (eds), Consumer Psychology in a Social Media World (New York, Routledge, 2016) p. 239 Google Scholar.
34 Jenkin, G, Signal, L, Smith, M, “In your face: food marketing to children on Facebook” in Food, children and youth: What’s eating? (Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, 2014)Google Scholar, foodchildrenandyouth.wordpress.com/programme-3/.
35 Holmberg, C et al., “Adolescents’ presentation of food in social media: an explorative study” (2016) 99 Appetite 121 Google Scholar.
36 Hastings, G et al., Review of research on the effects of food promotion to children (prepared for the Food Standards Agency) (Centre for Social Marketing, The University of Strathclyde, 2003)Google Scholar.
37 Gantz, W et al., Food for thought. Television food advertising to children in the United States (The Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007)Google Scholar.
38 Boyland, EJ et al., “Persuasive techniques used in television advertisements to market foods to UK children” (2011) 58 Appetite 658 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
39 Jenkin, G, et al., “A systematic review of persuasive marketing techniques to promote food to children on television” (2014) 15 Obesity Reviews 281 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
40 Keller, SK and Schulz, PJ, “Distorted food pyramid in kids programmes: a content analysis of television advertising watched in Switzerland” (2011) 21 European Journal of Public Health 300 Google Scholar.
41 See note 57 below.
42 See note 57 below.
43 See Spiteri-Cornish, note 59, below.
44 Galcheva, SV, Iotova, VM, Stratev, VK, “Television food advertising directed towards Bulgarian children” (2008) 93 Archives of Disease in Childhood 857 Google Scholar.
45 Schor, JB and Ford, M, “From tastes great to cool. Children’s food marketing and the rise of the symbolic” (2007) 25 Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 10 Google Scholar.
46 See note 57 below.
47 See note 57 below.
48 Turow, J, The daily you. How the new advertising industry is defining your identity and your worth (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2011)Google Scholar; Kozinets, RV et al., “Networked narratives: understanding word-of-mouth marketing in online communities” (2010) 74 J Mark 71 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kim, AJ, Johnson, KKP, “Power of consumers using social media: examining the influences of brand-related user-generated content on Facebook” (2016) 58 Comput Human Behav 98 (10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.047)Google Scholar; “New Childwise report reveals children’s favourite internet vloggers” (Norwich, Childwise, 2016), www.childwise.co.uk/uploads/3/1/6/5/31656353/childwise_press_release_-_vloggers_2016.pdf.
49 “ASA ruling on Mondelez UK Ltd. London” (Advertising Standards Authority, 2014), www.asa.org.uk/Rulings/Adjudications/2014/11/Mondelez-UK-Ltd/SHP_ADJ_275018.aspx#.V3pOVVaED_R; N Harley, “Hidden advertising by vloggers under the spotlight” Daily Telegraph (26 November 2014), www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/11255077/Hidden-advertising-by-vloggers-under-the-spotlight.html.
50 Roderick, L, “Brands reluctant to be transparent about influencers as many fail to apply ad industry code” Marketing Week (4 July 2016)Google Scholar, www.marketingweek.com/2016/04/07/brands-still-reluctant-to-be-transparent-around-influencers-and-failing-to-adhereto-ad-industry-code/.
51 Venkatraman, V et al., “New scanner data for brand marketers: how neuroscience can help better understand differences in brand preferences” (2012) 22 J Consumer Psychol 143 Google Scholar; Affectiva, Emotion recognition software (www.affectiva.com).
52 Daykin, J, “Five brands that got social media right in 2015” The Guardian (16 December 2015)Google Scholar, www.theguardian.com/media-network/2015/dec/16/brands-social-media-best-2015.
53 Holmberg et al., supra note 35.
54 Childwise 2016, supra note 48.
55 Childwise 2016, supra note 48.
56 Lee, D, Hosanagar, K, Nair, HS, Advertising content and consumer engagement on social media: evidence from Facebook (Stanford Graduate School of Business, 2015)Google Scholar, www.gsb.stanford.edu/gsb-cmis/gsb-cmis-download-auth/363976.
57 “A review of food marketing to children and adolescents. Follow-up report, December 2012” (Federal Trade Commission, 2012); www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/review-food-marketing-children-and-adolescents-follow-report/121221foodmarketingreport.pdf, accessed 17 February 2017.
58 ASA ruling on Mondelez UK Ltd, supra note 49.
59 Childwise 2016, supra note 48; Spiteri-Cornish, L, “Mum, can I play on the internet?” (2014) 33 Int J Advertising 437; Newman, N and Oates, CJ, “Parental mediation of food marketing communications aimed at children” (2014) 33 Int J Advertising 579 Google Scholar; Ustjanauskas, AE et al., Rudd report. Focus groups with parents: What do they think about food marketing to their kids? (New Haven, Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, Yale University, 2010)Google Scholar, www.uconnruddcenter.org/files/Pdfs/RuddReport_FocusGroupsParents_5_10.pdf.
60 “The age of digital enlightenment. Realtime generation report 2016” (Slough, Logicalis, 2016), www.uk.logicalis.com/globalassets/united-kingdom/microsites/real-time-generation/realtime-generation-2016-report.pdf.
61 Gibs, J, Bruich, S, Advertising effectiveness: understanding the value of a social media impression. A Nielsen/Facebook report (New York, 2010)Google Scholar, www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2010/nielsenfacebook-ad-report.html.
62 Kelly, L, Kerr, G, Drennan, J, “Avoidance of advertising in social networking sites: the teenage perspective” (2010) 10 J Interactive Advertising 12 Google Scholar.
63 Boyland, EJ et al., “Food Commercials Increase Preference for Energy-Dense Foods, Particularly in Children Who Watch More Television” (2011) 128(1) Pediatrics e93 Google Scholar.
64 Borzekowski, DLG and Robinson, TN, “The 30-second effect: an experiment revealing the impact of television commercials on food preferences of pre-schoolers” (2001) 101 Journal of the American Dietetic Association 42 Google Scholar.
65 Buijzen, M and Valkenburg, PM, “The effects of television advertising on materialism, parent–child conflict and unhappiness: A review of research” (2003) 24 Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 437 Google Scholar.
66 Boyland, EJ et al., “Advertising as a cue to consume: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of acute exposure to unhealthy food and nonalcoholic beverage advertising on intake in children and adults” (2016) 103 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 519 Google Scholar.
67 Epstein, LH et al., “A randomized trial of the effects of reducing television viewing and computer use on body mass index in young children” (2008) 162 Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 239 Google Scholar.
68 Barr-Anderson, DJ et al., “Does television viewing predict dietary intake five years later in high school students and young adults?” (2009) 6 International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 7 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
69 Chou, SY, Rashad, I and Grossman, M, “Fast-Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity” (2008) 51 The Journal of Law and Economics 599 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
70 Cairns, G et al., “Systematic reviews of the evidence of the nature, extent and effects of food marketing to children. A retrospective summary” (2013) 62 Appetite 209 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
71 Clarke, B and Svanaes, S, Literature review of research on online food and beverage marketing to children (London, Family Kids & Youth Market Research and Consultancy, 2014)Google Scholar, accessible at www.cap.org.uk/News-reports/~/media/Files/CAP/Reports%20and%20surveys/Family%20Kids%20and%20Youth%20Literature%20Review%20of%20Research%20on%20Online%20Food%20and%20Beverage%20Marketing%20to%20Children.ashx.
72 Kelly, B et al., “A Hierarchy of Unhealthy Food Promotion Effects: Identifying Methodological Approaches and Knowledge Gaps” (2015) 105(4) American Journal of Public Health e86–e95 Google Scholar.
73 ibid.
74 See note 82, below.
75 Falciglia, GA and Gussow, JD, “Television commercials and eating behaviour of obese and normal weight women” (1980) 12 Journal of Nutrition Education 196 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
76 Sadeghirad, B et al., “Influence of unhealthy food and beverage marketing on children’s dietary intake and preference: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials” (2016) 17(10) Obesity Reviews 945 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
77 Boswell, RG and Kober, H, “Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: a meta-analytic review” (2016) 17 Obesity Reviews 159 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
78 Folkvord, F et al., “The effect of playing advergames that promote energy-dense snacks or fruit on actual food intake among children” (2013) 97 Am J Clin Nutr 239 Google Scholar; Folkvord, F et al, “Impulsivity, ‘advergames’, and food intake” (2014) 133 Pediatrics 1007 Google Scholar; Folkvord, F et al, “The role of attentional bias in the effect of food advertising on actual food intake among children” (2015) 84 Appetite 251 Google Scholar.
79 See note 82, below.
80 “Brand awareness optimisation. In: Introducing new ways to buy, optimise and measure ads for a mobile world” Facebook (30 September 2015), en-gb.facebook.com/business/news/Ad-Week-UK.
81 “Exploring digital ROI for FMCG brands” (Microsoft, 2013), tinyurl.com/ozekqyv.
82 “Introducing new ways to buy, optimise and measure ads for a mobile world. Facebook for Business” (30 September 2015), www.facebook.com/business/news/Ad-Week-UK.
83 See Fitzgerald et al. note 95, below.
84 F Folkvord et al. (2013) supra note 78.
85 Harley, supra note 49.
86 Rozendaal, E, Buijzen, M, Valkenburg, P, “Children’s understanding of advertisers’ persuasive techniques” (2011) 30 Int J Advertising 329 Google Scholar; Harris, JL, Brownell, KD, Bargh, JA, “The food marketing defense model: Integrating psychological research to protect youth and inform public policy” (2009) 3(1) Soc Issues Policy Rev 211 Google Scholar.
87 Binet, L, Field, P, “Empirical generalizations about advertising campaign success” (2009) 49 J Advertising Res 130 Google Scholar.
88 Harley, supra note 49; Bargh, JA and Ferguson, MJ, “Beyond behaviorism: the automaticity of higher mental processes” (2000) 126 Psychol Bull 925 Google Scholar.
89 Ali, M et al., “Young children’s ability to recognize advertisements in web page designs” (2009) 27 Br J Dev Psychol 71 Google Scholar.
90 O’Neal, supra note 18.
91 “Marketing our brands responsibly. Our marketing code” (McLean, VA, Mars, Inc), www.mars.com/global/about-mars/mars-pia/our-brands/communicating-responsibly/marketing-our-brands-responsibly.aspx; “Coca-Cola Great Britain Responsible Marketing Charter - A Refreshed Approach”, www.coca-cola.co.uk/content/dam/journey/gb/en/hidden/corporate-responsibility/marketing-charter-pdfs/Responsible_Marketing_Charter_full_version.pdf, accessed 17 February 2017.
92 Pechmann, C et al., “Impulsive and self-conscious: adolescents’ vulnerability to advertising and promotion” (2005) 24 J Public Policy Mark 202 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
93 ibid.
94 Knoll, LJ et al., “Social influence on risk perception during adolescence” (2015) 26 Psychol Sci 583 Google Scholar.
95 Trew, K, et al., “Young people and food: adolescent dietary beliefs and understandings” (Dublin, Safefood, 2005)Google Scholar,
www.safefood.eu/Publications/Research-reports/Young-People-and-Food--Adolescent-Dietary-Beliefs.aspx; Ionannou, S, “‘Eating beans … that is a “no-no” for our times’: Young Cypriots’ consumer meanings of ‘healthy’ and ‘fast’ food” (2009) 68 Health Educ J 186 Google Scholar; Fitzgerald, A et al., “Factors influencing the food choices of Irish children and adolescents: a qualitative investigation” (2010) 25 Health Promot Int 289 Google Scholar; Stead, M et al., “Why healthy eating is bad for young people’s health: identity, belonging and food” (2011) 72 Soc Sci Med 1131 Google Scholar; Fitzgerald, A et al., “Self-efficacy for healthy eating and peer support for unhealthy eating are associated with adolescents’ food intake patterns” (2013) 63 Appetite 48 Google Scholar.
96 Montgomery, K and Chester, J, “Digital food marketing to children and adolescents: problematic practices and policy interventions” (Oakland, CA, National Policy and Legal Analysis Network to Prevent Childhood Obesity, 2011)Google Scholar, www.foodpolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/DigitalMarketingReport_FINAL_web_20111017.pdf.
- 58
- Cited by