Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T05:27:21.292Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

State Prerogatives, Civil Society, and Liberalization: The Paradoxes of the Late Twentieth Century in the Third World1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 September 2012

Mahmood Monshipouri
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The end of the Cold War has left the international system in a state of paradox, most prominently in the growing conflict between the legal-political global order and the growth of civil society. Monshipouri identifies and discusses three paradoxes that exemplify this central conflict: state-building versus democratization; economic liberalization versus political liberalization; and human rights versus state sovereignty. In discussing each of these paradoxes, the author describes the difficulties and ethical questions involved in making economic and political reforms without the necessary means and institutional resources. Monshipouri concludes that in order to manage such dilemmas, Third World states must find a delicate balance between global economic reforms and an ethically sensitive international political and legal order.

Type
Articles
Information
Ethics & International Affairs , Volume 11 , March 1997 , pp. 233 - 252
Copyright
Copyright © Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

2 Barber, Benjamin R., “Jihad vs. McWorld,” Atlantic, March 1992, 53–55, 58–63Google Scholar. See also Kolakowski, Leszek, “Uncertainties of a Democratic Age,” in Diamond, Larry and Plattner, Marc F., eds., The Global Resurgence of Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 321–24Google Scholar.

3 Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996)Google Scholar.

4 Ayoob, Mohammed, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995), 88Google Scholar.

5 Ibid., 143Google Scholar.

6 Ibid., 173Google Scholar.

7 Ibid., 184Google Scholar.

8 See Suberu, Rotimi T., “The Travails of Federalism in Nigeria,” and Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr., “India: The Dilemmas of Diversity,” in Diamond, Larry and Plattner, Marc F., eds., Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 56–70 and 71–85Google Scholar, respectively.

9 Gurr, Ted Robert, Minorities At Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1993), 138Google Scholar.

10 Ayoob, , The Third World Security Predicament, 195Google Scholar.

11 Rustow, Dankwart A., “Transition to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model,” Comparative Politics 2 (April 1970), 337–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar; at 361. This emphasis on willingness to subscribe to democratic rules is also stressed in Rustow's recent essay, “Democracy: A Global Revolution?” Foreign Affairs 69 (Fall 1990), 75–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 Waterbury draws on the works of Rustow, “Transition to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model,” 337–63; Rustow, , “How Does a Democracy Come into Existence?” in Lewis, P. G. and Potter, D. C., eds., The Practice of Comparative Politics (Harlow: Longman Publishers, 1973), 117–32Google Scholar; and Przeworski, Adam, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991CrossRefGoogle Scholar).

13 Waterbury, John, “Democracy Without Democrats? The Potential for Political Liberalization in the Middle East,” in Salamé, Ghassan, ed., Democracy Without Democrats? The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), 23–47Google Scholar.

14 Esposito, John L. and Voll, John O., Islam and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 78–101Google Scholar.

15 Theophylactou, Demetrios A., Security, Identity and Nation Building: Cyprus and the European Union in Perspective (Brookfield, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company, 1995), 6Google Scholar.

16 Pool, David, “The Link between Economic and Political Liberalization,” in Niblock, Tim and Murphy, Emma, eds., Economic and Political Liberalization in the Middle East (London: British Academic Press, 1993), 40–54Google Scholar; at 49.

17 Ibid., 49–50Google Scholar.

18 Bank, World, World Development Report 1991: The Challenge of Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 115CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

19 Quoted in Emmerson, Donald K., “Capitalism, Democracy, and the World Bank: What Is to Be Done?” in Deng, Lual, Kostner, Markus, and Young, Crawford, eds., Democratization and Structural Adjustment in Africa in the 1990s (Madison, WI: African Studies Program, 1991), 9–12Google Scholar; at 12.

20 Deng, , Kostner, , and Young, , “Political and Economic Liberalization in Africa in the 1990s: Concluding Interrogations,” in Democratization and Structural Adjustment in Africa in the 1990s, 213–15Google Scholar.

21 Rothchild, Donald and Ravenhill, John, “Retreat from Globalism: U.S. Policy Toward Africa in the 1990s,” in Oye, Kenneth A., Lieber, Robert J., and Rothchild, Donald, eds., Eagle in a New World: American Grand Strategy in the Post-Cold War Era (New York: Harper Collins, 1992), 389–415Google Scholar; at 412.

22 Weeks, John, “Credit Where Discredit is Due,” in Griffiths, Robert J., ed., Developing World 95/96 (Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group, 1995), 46–49Google Scholar.

23 Harsch, Earnest, “Structural Adjustment and Africa's Democracy Movements,” Africa Today 40 (1993), 7–29Google Scholar.

24 Mengisteab, Kidane and Ikubolajeh Logan, B., eds., Beyond Economic Liberalization in Africa: Structural Adjustment and the Alternatives (London: Zed Books, Ltd., 1995), 147Google Scholar.

25 IbidGoogle Scholar.

26 Francis, Michael J., “A Response to Rethinking Development,” Developing World 95/96, 38–40Google Scholar.

27 Michael, Roth, “Structural Adjustment in Perspective: Challenges for Africa in the 1990s,” in Kostner, Deng, and Young, , Democratization and Structural Adjustment in Africa in the 1990s, 31–39Google Scholar.

28 For more information on this subject, see Pease, Kelly Kate and Forsythe, David P., “Human Rights, Humanitarian Intervention, and World Politics,” Human Rights Quarterly 15 (May 1993), 290–314CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

29 Henkin, Louis, “Law and Politics in International Relations: State and Human Values,” Journal of International Affairs 44 (1990), 183–208Google Scholar.

30 Halperin, Morton, “Guaranteeing Democracy,” Foreign Policy (Summer 1993), 105–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

31 Damrosch, Lori Fisler, “Politics across Borders: Nonintervention and Nonforcible Influence over Domestic Affairs,” American Journal of International Law 83 (January 1989), 1–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

32 Deng, Francis M., Kimaro, Sadikiel, Lyons, Terrence, Rothchild, Donald, and Zartman, I. William, Sovereignty as Responsibility: Conflict Management in Africa (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1996), 27–28Google Scholar.

33 Damrosch, , “Politics across Borders,” 37Google Scholar.

34 Tesón, Fernando R., Humanitarian Intervention: An Inquiry into Law and Morality (New York: Transnational, 1988), 244–47Google Scholar.

35 Greenwood, Christopher, “Is There a Right of Humanitarian Intervention?” World Today 49 (February 1993), 34–40Google Scholar.

36 Haass, Richard N., Intervention: The Use of American Military Force in the Post-Cold War World (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1994)Google Scholar.

37 Joyner, Christopher C., “The Reality and Relevance of International Law in the Post-Cold War Era,” in Kegley, Charles W. Jr., and Wittkopf, Eugene R., eds., The Global Agenda: Issues and Perspectives (New York: McGraw–sss-Hill, 1995), 211–24Google Scholar.

38 Diamond and Plattner, eds., Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Democracy, xvGoogle Scholar.

39 Forsythe, David P., “Human Rights in a Post—Cold War World,” in Spiegal, Steven L. and Pervin, David J., eds., At Issue: Politics in the World Arena, 7th ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), 417–30Google Scholar.

40 Forsythe, David P., The Internationalization of Human Rights (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1991), 184–85Google Scholar.

41 Donnelly, Jack, “Human Rights in the New World Order,” in Kegley, andWittkopt, , eds., The Global Agenda: Issues and Perspectives, 190–99Google Scholar; see 196–97.

42 Hauss, Charles, Comparative Politics: Domestic Responses to Global Challenges (New York: West Publishing Company, 1997), 188Google Scholar.

43 Forsythe, , The Internationalization of Human Rights, 185Google Scholar.

44 For a distinction between positive and negative sovereignty, see Jackson, Robert H., Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990)Google Scholar. Jackson uses these terms in a different context than what is attempted in this paper.

45 Norton, Augustus Richard, ed., Civil Society in the Middle East, vol. 1 (New York: E. J. Brill, 1995), 1–25Google Scholar.

46 Bratton, Michael, “Beyond the State: Civil Society and Associational Life in Africa,” World Politics 41 (April 1989), 404–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar; at 411–12.

47 Ibid., 412Google Scholar.

48 Holm, John D., Molutsi, Patrick P., and Somolekae, Gloria, “The Development of Civil Society in a Democratic State: The Botswana Model,” African Studies Review 39 (September 1996), 43–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

49 Barkey, Henri, “Can the Middle East Compete?” in Diamond, Larry and Plattner, Marc F., eds., Economic Reform and Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 167–81Google Scholar.

50 For further information on such a view see, for example, Esposito, John L., The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992)Google Scholar.

51 Kazemi, Farhad and Richard Norton, Augustus, “Civil Society and Political Reform in the Middle East,” in Schwedler, Jillian, ed., Toward Civil Society in the Middle East? A Primer (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995), 85–87Google Scholar.

52 Bratton, Michael, “Beyond the State,” 428–29Google Scholar.

53 Richards, Alan, “Economic Imperatives and Political Systems,” Middle East Journal 47 (Spring 1993), 217–27Google Scholar.

54 Norton, Augustus Richard, Civil Society in the Middle East, 9Google Scholar.