Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T06:34:40.276Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Visual Analytics of an Eighteenth-Century Business Network

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2015

Extract

A social network consists of a finite set or sets of actors and the relation or relations defined upon them. The presence of relational information is a critical and defining feature of a social network.

Historians have become increasingly interested in networks as an analytical tool for eighteenth-century commerce. In much of the historiography these networks are treated as inherently beneficial for the wider economy and the actors themselves. Recently, however, historians have started to problematize networks and to complicate our understanding of them. Indeed, the quote above stresses that a network is not simply the actors within it, but the relationships between them. Realizing this facilitates an understanding of how such networks function.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2010. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Books

Brooke, Richard. Liverpool as It Was 1775–1800. 1853. Bristol: Liverpool Libraries and Information Services, 2003.Google Scholar
De Nooy, Wouter, Mrvar, Andrej, and Batagelj, Vladimir. Exploratory Social Network Analysis with Pajek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Gaggio, Dario. Gold We Trust: Social Capital and Economic Change in Italian Jewelry Towns. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Haggerty, Sheryllynne. The British-Atlantic Trading Community, 1760–1810: Men Women and the Distribution of Goods. Leiden: Brill Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Douglas J. Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World, 1750–1820. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Hancock, David. Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735–1795. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, 104–14.Google Scholar
Milne, Graeme J. Trade and Traders in Mid-Victorian Liverpool: Mercantile Business and the Making ofa World Port. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Muldrew, Craig. The Economy of Obligation: The Culture of Credit and Social Relations in Early Modern England. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1998.Google Scholar
Richardson, David, Suzanne, Schwarz, and Tibbles, Anthony, eds. Liverpool and Transatlantic Slavery. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Smith, S.D. Slavery, Family and Gentry Capitalism in the British Atlantic: The World of the Lascelles, 1648–1834. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Wasserman, S., and Faust, K.. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Walvin, James. The Quakers: Money and Morals. London: John Murray, 1997.Google Scholar
Wilson, Arline. William Roscoe: Commerce and Culture. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Articles

Behrendt, Stephen D. “Markets, Transaction Cycles and Profits: Merchant Decision Making in the British Slave Trade.” William and Mary Quarterly 3rd Ser., 58, no. 1 (2001): 171204.Google Scholar
Burnard, Trevor. “A Tangled Cousinry? Associational Networks of the Maryland Elite, 1691–1776.” Journal of Southern History 61, no. 1 (1995): 1744.Google Scholar
Casson, Mark. “Institutional Economics and Business History: A Way Froward?Special issue on Institutions and the Evolution ofModern Business, Business History 39, no. 4 (1997): 151–71.Google Scholar
Freeman, Linton C. “Centrality in Social Networks Conceptual Clarification.” Social Networks 1, (1978/79): 215–39.Google Scholar
Duguid, Paul. “Networks and Knowledge: The Beginning and End of the Port Commodity Chain, 1703–1860.” Business History Review 79 (2005): 493526.Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mark. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78, no. 6 (1973): 1360–80.Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mark. “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology 91, no. 3 (1985): 481510.Google Scholar
Haggerty, J., and Taylor, M. “Managing Corporate Computer Forensics.” Computer Fraud and Security 6, (2006): 1416.Google Scholar
Haggerty, J., Taylor, M., and Gresty, D. “Determining Culpability in E-mail Investigations.” Proceedings of the Third Annual Workshop on Digital Foren-sics and Incident Analysis, Malaga, Spain, October 2008, 1220.Google Scholar
Haggerty, Sheryllynne. “Risk and Risk Management in the Liverpool Slave Trade.” Business History, forthcoming.Google Scholar
Hancock, David, “The Trouble with Networks: Managing the Scots’ Early-Modern Madeira Trade.” Business History Review 79, (Winter 2005): 464–91.Google Scholar
Kranton, Rachel E., and Minehart, Deborah F.. “Networks versus Vertical Integration.” Rand Journal of Economics 31, no. 2 (2000): 570601.Google Scholar
Lawler, Edward J., and Yoon, Yeongkoo. “Commitment in Exchange Relations: Test of a Theory of Relational Cohesion.” American Sociological Review 61, no. 1 (1996): 89108.Google Scholar
Littler, Dawn. “The Earle Collection: Records of a Liverpool Family of Merchants and Shipowners.” Transactions of the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire 146, (1997): 93106.Google Scholar
Li, X., and Seberry, J.. “Forensic Computing.” Proceedings of INDOCRYPT, New Delhi, India, 810 Dec 2003, LNCS 2904, Springer (2003): 1835.Google Scholar
Munro, Forbes, and Slaven, Tony. “Networks and Markets in Clyde Shipping: The Donaldsons and the Hogarths, 1870–1939.” Business History 43, no. 2 (2001): 1950.Google Scholar
Ormerod, H.A. “Extracts from the Private Ledger of Arthur Heywood of Liverpool, Merchant and Banker.” Transactions ofthe Historic Society of Lan-cashire and Cheshire 103, (1951): 103–11.Google Scholar
Pearson, Robin, and Richardson, David. “Business Networking in the Industrial Revolution.” Economic History Review 54, no. 4 (2001); 657–79.Google Scholar
Portes, Alejandro. “Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology.” Annual Review of Sociology 24, (1998): 124.Google Scholar
Renzulli, Linda A., Aldrich, Howard and Moody, James. “Family Matters: Gender, Networks and Entrepreneurial Outcomes.” Social Forces 79, no. 2 (2000): 523–46.Google Scholar
Richard, G.G. III, and Roussev, V.. “Next-Generation Digital Forensics.” Communications ofthe ACM 49, no. 2 (2006): 7680.Google Scholar
Steckel, Richard H., and Jensen, Richard A.. “New Evidence on the Causes of Slave and Crew Mortality in the Atlantic Slave Trade.” William and Mary Quarterly 46, no. 1 (1986): 5777.Google Scholar
Zucker, Lynne G. “Production of Trust: Institutional Sources of Economic Structure, 1840–1920.” Research in Organizational Behaviour 8, (1986): 53111.Google Scholar

Chapters

Behrendt, Stephen D. “Human Capital in the British Slave Trade.” In Liverpool and Transatlantic Slavery, edited by Richardson, David, Schwarz, Suzanne and Tibbles, Anthony 6697. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Haggerty, Sheryllynne. “Liverpool, the Slave Trade and the British-Atlantic Empire, ca. 1750–75.” In The Empire in One City? Liverpool’s Inconvenient Imperial Past, edited by Anthony Webster, Idem, and White, Nicolas 1734. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Mathias, Peter. “Risk, Credit and Kinship in Early-Modern Enterprise.” In The Early Modern Atlantic Economy, edited by McCusker, John J. and Morgan, Kenneth 1535. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Prior, A., and Kirby, M.The Society of Friends and the Family Firm.” Business History 35, no. 4 (1993): 6685.Google Scholar
Richardson, David. “Profits in the Liverpool Slave Trade: The Accounts of William Davenport, 1757–1784.” In Liverpool, the African Slave Trade, and Abolition, edited by Anstey, Roger and Hair, P.E.H. 6090. Occasional Series, vol. 2, 1976. Liverpool: Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 1989.Google Scholar
Strong, N., and Waterson, M.. “Principals, Agents and Information.” In The Economics of the Firm, edited by Clark, Roger and McGuiness, Tony 1841. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. “Transplanted Networks.” In Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology and Politics, edited by Yans-McLaughlin, Virginia 7995. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Printed Primary Material

Morgan, Kenneth, (ed.) The Bright-Meyler Papers: A Bristol-West India Connection, 1732–1837. Oxford: Oxford University Press for The British Academy, 2007.Google Scholar

Archives

Arthur Heywood & Sons. Barclays Group Archives.Google Scholar
Earle Collection. Merseyide Maritime Museum.Google Scholar
Rainford, Blundell and Rainford Pocket Ledger MG–54, No 74, Library and Archives Canada.Google Scholar
Rainford Family Papers, Papers of Edward Chaffers, 920 CHA/1, Liverpool Record Office.Google Scholar

Material available on Websites

The Transatlantic Slave Trade Database, available at http://www.slavevoyages.org, accessed March 2009.Google Scholar
SocNetV. available from Kalamaras, D.B. (2009), http://socnetv.sourceforge.net,accessed February 2009.Google Scholar