Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 February 2013
The history of the Spanish musical press in the eighteenth century has usually been interpreted as an ongoing struggle against a narrow and underdeveloped market. Print itself has been seen as a superior technology that helps to secure stability and clarity of the musical text. In this light, José de Torres, prestigious organist and composer, music director of the Spanish Chapel Royal from 1720 and owner of an important musical press, has appeared to be a heroic modernizing figure. This article challenges this received image, underlining the effectiveness of censorship and the control of individual initiatives in the field of music publishing in early eighteenth-century Spain. This is demonstrated by newly discovered documents concerning a lawsuit brought against Torres, who owned a royal printing privilege from 1700 until his death in 1738, by Francisco Díaz de Guitián, who wanted to establish a music press of his own. Several musicians acted as witnesses, giving a detailed view of how the music press worked at the time, notably how the approbations customarily given by established musicians on behalf of music treatises intended for publication were used to promote or block a career. Based on these new insights, a general study of all the known prints by the Imprenta de Música is presented in a broader editorial, political and cultural context.
1 Archivo General de Palacio (Madrid), Sección administrativa, legajo 696, report dated 13 December 1714; see Morales, Nicolás, L'artiste de cour dans l'Espagne du XVIIIe siècle: étude de la communauté des musiciens au service de Philippe V (1700–1746) (Madrid: Casa de Velázquez, 2007), 394Google Scholar.
2 Archivo Histórico Nacional (Madrid), Consejos 26565, expediente 12. Quotations from this large unfoliated file appear in this article without further reference. Unless otherwise stated, all transcriptions and translations are mine. This file is accessible online through the Portal de Archivos Españoles <www.pares.mcu.es>. On the archival sources of the Consejo de Castilla that pertain to eighteenth-century printing see Benito Ortega, Vanesa, ‘El Consejo de Castilla y el control de las impresiones en el siglo XVIII: la documentación del Archivo Histórico Nacional’, Cuadernos de historia moderna 36 (2011), 179–193Google Scholar. For helpful comment on this article I would especially like to thank Joseba Berrocal, Tess Knighton and Isabel Moyano. I was also given important suggestions by José María Domínguez, Dinko Fabris, José Máximo Leza, Miguel Ángel Marín, Javier Marín, Pablo L. Rodríguez, Alejandro Vera and Alfonso de Vicente.
3 For an excellent methodological discussion of research problems relating to Spanish print culture of the eighteenth century see Rincón, Javier Burgos, ‘La edición española en el siglo XVIII: un balance historiográfico’, Hispania 55 (1995), 589–627Google Scholar. Lesure, François offers a stimulating reflection on the relationship between general bibliographical studies and musicology in ‘L'édition musicale en France au XVIIIe siècle: état des questions’, in Le livre et l'historien: études offertes en l'honneur du Professeur Henri-Jean Martin, ed. Barbier, Frédéric and others (Geneva: Droz, 1997), 227–234Google Scholar.
4 A panorama of current research topics relating to the Hispanic music press of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries can be found in Fenlon, Iain and Knighton, Tess, eds, Early Music Printing and Publishing in the Iberian World (Kassel: Reichenberger, 2006)Google Scholar. No reference to the Hispanic world at all is to be found in the otherwise excellent Krummel, Donald W. and Sadie, Stanley, eds, Music Printing and Publishing (London: Macmillan, 1990)Google Scholar.
5 For a useful synthesis on the Spanish music press of the time see Esses, Maurice, Dance and Instrumental Diferencias in Spain during the 17th and Early 18th Centuries (Stuyvesant: Pendragon, 1994), volume 1, 77–111Google Scholar. See also ‘Editores e impresores: España’, in Diccionario de la música española e hispanoamericana, ed. Casares, Emilio (Madrid: Sociedad General de Autores, 1999), volume 4, 606–629Google Scholar; Gosálvez Lara, Carlos José, La edición musical española hasta 1936: guía para la datación de partituras (Madrid: Asociación Española de Documentación Musical, 1995), 32–44Google Scholar; Solar-Quintes, Nicolás Álvarez, ‘La imprenta musical en Madrid en el siglo XVIII’, Anuario musical 18 (1963), 165–196Google Scholar. On Torres as printer and editor see Lolo, Begoña, La música en la Real Capilla de Madrid: José de Torres y Martínez Bravo (h. 1670–1738) (Madrid: Universidad Autónoma, 1988), 101–126Google Scholar.
6 See, for instance, the fundamental study by Marín, Miguel Ángel, ‘La recepción de Corelli en Madrid (ca. 1680–1810)’, in Arcangello Corelli fra mito e realtà storica: atti del congresso internazionale di studi Fusignano, 11–14 settembre 2003, ed. Barnett, Gregory, D'Ovidio, Antonella and La Via, Stefano (Florence: Olschki, 2005), 573–637Google Scholar. On the interaction between scribal and print transmission in the Spanish cantata repertory see Carreras, Juan José, ‘La cantata de cámara de principios del siglo XVIII: el manuscrito 2618 de la Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid y sus concordancias’, in Música y literatura en la península ibérica: 1600–1750, ed. Virgili Blanquet, María Antonia, Fernández-Rufete, Carmelo Caballero and García-Luengos, Germán Vega (Valladolid: Sociedad V Centenario del Tratado de Tordesillas, 1997), 83–90Google Scholar.
7 ‘Torres trabajó con entusiasmo para salvaguardar la tradición española de la música sagrada, para lo cual había fundado incluso la “Imprenta de Música” en Madrid. Torres no fue como otros compositores españoles coetáneos, que volvieron las espaldas al arte musical italiano renovador de toda la música europea de la época, sino que se mostró un admirador de los nuevos derroteros del arte, protegiendo a jovenes estudiosos para que pudieran pasar a Italia y fueran después retransmisores a España.’ Diccionario de la música Labor, ed. Anglès, Higinio and Pena, Joaquín (Barcelona: Labor, 1954), volume 2, 2133Google Scholar. This text was written surely by Higinio Anglès.
8 See Music and the Cultures of Print, ed. van Orden, Kate (New York: Garland, 2000)Google Scholar.
9 I presented my research on Torres as a printer at the Biennial Conference on Baroque Music held in Birmingham in 1996 and at the Congress of the International Musicological Society held in Leuven in 2002. I then presented initial findings on the chronology of the sheet prints by Torres at the Concurso de Habilitación Nacional held at the Universidad Complutense in Madrid in 2005. More recently, I gave a seminar relating to the contents of the current article at the Universidad de Barcelona on 17 November 2011. In July 2012, when this material had already been submitted to Eighteenth-Century Music, Lolo, Begoña published her essay ‘La Imprenta de Música de José de Torres: un modelo de desarrollo político y cultural en la España del siglo XVIII’, in Imprenta y edición musical en España (ss. XVIII–XX), ed. Lolo, Begoña and Gosálvez, Carlos José (Madrid: Universidad Autónoma, 2012), 65–105Google Scholar, based on a paper given by her at a conference organized in November 2010. Lolo's article offers an overview of the activities of the Imprenta de Música and an outline of the administrative aspects of the legal process based mainly on the same file of the Archivo Histórico Nacional which I use, but without interpreting Díaz de Guitián's tablature nor sufficiently considering the function of Guitián's treatise Arte de cantar in the whole legal process. As a result, Lolo mistakenly assumes that the manuscript tablature transcription of the Literes cantata (using black and red ink) is a print (‘presentación de una misma obra impresa con los dos sistemas de notación e impresión’, 79).
10 On this first musical print and its court context see Carreras, Juan José, ‘“Conducir a Madrid estos moldes”: producción, dramaturgia y recepción de la fiesta teatral Destinos vencen finezas (1698/99)’, Revista de musicología 18/1–2 (1995), 113–143CrossRefGoogle Scholar, which includes the complete text of the dedication. On the general relationship between the Spanish royal court and typography see Corbeto, Albert, ‘Typography and Royal Patronage: Government Involvement in the Import and Production of Letter Types in Spain’, in Imprenta Real, fuentes de la tipografía española ([Madrid:] Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo, 2009), 151–163Google Scholar. See also Lolo, ‘La Imprenta de Música’, 68–69.
11 Productions costs of music prints produced by typography were also about half of those produced by engraving. See Devriès-Lesure, Anik, ‘Technological Aspects’, in Music Publishing in Europe 1600–1900: Concepts and Issues, Bibliography, ed. Rasch, Rudolph (Berlin: Berliner Wissenschaftsverlag, 2005), 66–75Google Scholar.
12 Larruga, Eugenio, Memorias políticas y económicas sobre los frutos, comercio, fábricas y minas de España (Madrid: Imprenta de Benito Cano, 1787Google Scholar; facsimile edition Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico, 1995), 202–208. Larruga wrongly states that the Imprenta was established in 1716. He refers to a Real Cédula dated 12 May 1719 which grants annually the established amount of ‘16 balones de papel ordinario, 12 de marquilla, 8 de marca mayor and 4 de imperial’ . As each bala is equal to thirty-two reams of regular paper, the total amounts to 1,280 reams of paper, which would be equivalent to the yearly needs of the press: ‘la porción que precisamente necesitaba cada año para tener corriente su imprenta’ (the portion that he precisely needed yearly to keep his press running). The same document mentions ‘dos oficiales que se ocupaban continuamente del trabajo de la imprenta’ (two skilled workmen who attended continuously to the work of the press). See Larruga, Memorias, 207. On the entablatura see below.
13 Some indirect evidence had been observed by previous researchers such as Yvonne Levasseur de Rebollo, who mentions a document at the Real Academia de la Historia in Madrid with the heading ‘Don Joseph de Torres organista principal de la Real Capilla ganó privilegio en 1700 para imprimir todo lo tocante a la música por diez años. Prorrogósele para otros diez años que van corriendo’; see ‘The Life and Works of Joseph de Torres y Martínez Bravo’ (PhD dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1975), 28. More precisely, Pastor, Cristóbal Pérez, Noticias y documentos relativos a la historia y literatura españolas (Madrid: Sucesores de Hernando, 1914), 252–253Google Scholar, mentions this source as having been written by the lawyer Fernando Calderón de la Barca, with the title Consultación jurídica sobre la concesión de privilegio para imprimir música. In fact, the Real Academia de la Historia preserves an undated twenty-four-page folio print of this interesting report (written prior to the final legal judgment) with the modern signature 14–11429 (11).
14 The Expedientes sobre licencias para impresión de libros y otras publicaciones, y censura de algunas: 1638–1788 (Archivo de Simancas, Gracia y Justicia, legajo 979) includes a certificate from 23 August 1729 that extends Torres's privilege to print and sell music books for another ten years; see Jambou, Louis, ‘Un “Libro de órgano” de Juan Manuel del Barrio’, Revista de musicología 7/1 (1984), 214Google Scholar.
15 On the Typographia Regia see de Vicente, Alfonso, Tomás Luis de Victoria: cartas (1582–1606) (Madrid: Fundación Caja Madrid, 2008), 27–30Google Scholar, and Pettas, William, A History & Bibliography of the Giunti (Junta) Printing Family in Spain 1526–1628 (New Castle: Oak Knoll, 2004), 67–77Google Scholar.
16 Esses, Dance, 94–95, makes this point for the period between 1700 and 1720.
17 ‘Licencia y privilegio para que por tiempo de diez años pudiere imprimir a vuestras expensas todas las cosas que fuesen pertenecientes a la música.’ On the complex Spanish legal framework surrounding book printing see de los Reyes Gómez, Fermín, El libro en España y América: legislación y censura (siglos XV–XVIII), two volumes (Madrid: Arco/Libros, 2000)Google Scholar. The best comprehensive study on censorship in modern Spain from a legal perspective is García Martín, Javier, El juzgado de imprentas y la utilidad pública: cuerpo y alma de una Monarquía vicarial ([Bilbao:] Universidad del País Vasco, 2003)Google Scholar. See also Caro López, Ceferino, ‘Los libros que nunca fueron: el control del Consejo de Castilla sobre la imprenta del siglo XVIII’, Hispania 53 (2003), 161–198Google Scholar.
18 See Guillo, Louis, ‘Legal Aspects’, in Rasch, , ed., Music Publishing in Europe, 122–129Google Scholar.
19 ‘Con gran desvelo y estudio ha descubierto un nuevo y facilísimo Methodo de Música, para Cantar, Acompañar y Componer’. See Kenyon de Pascual, Beryl, ‘El “Memorial Sacro-Político y Legal” (1709) de Francisco Díaz de Guitián’, Revista de musicología 11/1 (1988), 215Google Scholar (the article gives the Memorial in full).
20 ‘Habiendo probado ser este nuevo método el más légitimo de la música, y por la misma razón, el más fácil, como además de lo dicho, lo ha acreditado la experiencia en los muchos discípulos que el suplicante ha enseñado y actualmente enseña en su casa.’ Kenyon de Pascual, ‘El “Memorial Sacro-Político”’, 234.
21 ‘Grandes utilidades y conveniencias públicas, así en lo Político como en lo Sagrado, lo cual más difusamente se prueba en el memorial impreso que he puesto en mano de cada uno de los ministros de el Vuestro Consejo.’
22 ‘Al uso y enseñanza de los aficionados la música que … no la han de tener profesion.’
23 ‘El numeroso concurso de discípulos que asisten a mi casa, a fin de conseguir el objeto de atribución de dicha facultad …, después de conseguido este, necesitan de tener obras divinas y humanas, puestas en la serie y debajo de las reglas de dicho methodo, asi para su mayor adelantamiento y ejercicio así como para la enseñanza de otros. Para cuyo fin, es el medio mas conveniente permitirme tener imprenta en mi casa.’
24 An example of the use of B♭ and B♮ can be seen in the aria ‘Hijo de la espuma’, at the first repetition of the words ‘niega en suma’ (B♭–A–G–B♮=X 9 7 H), penultimate bar of the fifth line.
25 See ‘Projet concernant de nouveaux signes pour la musique’ (presented to the Académie des sciences in 1742) and ‘Dissertation sur la musique moderne’ (published one year later), in Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, Écrits sur la musique, la langue et le théâtre (Oeuvres complètes, volume 5), ed. Gangnebin, Bernard and Raymond, Marcel (Paris: Gallimard, 1995), 129–245Google Scholar. As in the case of Díaz de Guitián, the question of the originality of Rousseau's proposal had already been discussed by the Académie, this time in relation to a previous seventeenth-century tablature by Jean-Jacques Souhaitty. See Rousseau, Écrits, li.
26 ‘Dissertation sur la musique moderne’, Préface, in Rousseau, Écrits, 162.
27 ‘Ni se puede adelantar ni ser nueva de la que está recibida y practicada desde sus primeros inventores y lo que [Díaz de Guitián] ha ejecutado tan solamente es mudar las figuras con que generalmente se entienden sus consonancias y reglas … que vulgarmente se llaman solfas y puesto en su lugar números que expliquen estos mismos conceptos, sin que haya adelanto.’
28 An exception is the precious documentary evidence concerning amateur music education (especially of women) in the Basque town of Bilbao in Berrocal, Joseba, ‘Consideraciones sobre la enseñanza musical privada en el Bilbao dieciochesco’, Bidebarrieta: anuario de humanidades y ciencias sociales de Bilbao 3 (1998), 233–256Google Scholar.
29 On the function of literary approbations see Simón, José, ‘Tráfico de alabanzas’, Anales del Instituto de Estudios Madrileños 12 (1976), 65–75Google Scholar, and 14 (1977), 197–204. See also de los Reyes Gómez, Fermín, ‘La estructura formal del libro antiguo español’, Paratesto 7 (2010), 9–59Google Scholar; Cayuela, Anne, Le paratexte au Siècle d'Or: prose romanesque, livres et lecteurs en Espagne au XVIIe siècle (Geneva: Droz, 1996), 15–82Google Scholar; Simón, José, El libro español antiguo: análisis de su estructura (Madrid: Ollero & Ramos, 2000)Google Scholar; García Aguilar, Ignacio, Poesía y edición en el Siglo de Oro (Madrid: Calambur, 2009)Google Scholar.
30 ‘Pero habiendo reconocido muy despacio algunos borradores y papeles de dicha música ejecutada por el referido Don Francisco, halló que había hecho mal en haberle dado la referida aprobación, con que solicitó el volverla a recoger como con efecto lo hizo.’
31 On this idea of the disciplinary control of theoretical discourse during the Spanish ‘long seventeenth century’ by the exclusive caste of cathedral chapel master see my essay ‘La policoralidad como identidad del “Barroco musical español”’, in Polychoralities: Music, Identity and Power in Italy, Spain and the New World, ed. Carreras, Juan José and Fenlon, Iain (Venice and Kassel: Fondazione Levi and Edition Reichenberger, 2012), 87–122Google Scholar.
32 Besides the assassination attempt already mentioned, in 1707 Díaz de Guitián had already had a dispute with Bartolomé Jimeno, the interine chapel master, because of Guitián's wish to perform outside the chapel. See Lolo, La música, 87.
33 ‘Porque es contra toda política y utilidad pública estrechar las profesiones liberales a limitados preceptos cuando en asunto de esta honesta o semejante diversión los adelantamientos no se impiden, sí se premian y aun se invita para mayor aplicación de los profesores.’
34 A similar argument was offered by Venegas de Henestrosa when presenting a new keyboard tablature in his Libro de cifra nueva (1557), fearing that professionals will reject his invention because of its simplicity: ‘No dejo de temer que la gran facilidad que tiene será la causa para que los mejores músicos la calumnien y tengan en poco, porque como ellos gastaron tanto tiempo en, y pasaron tanto trabajo en alcanzar lo que saben y vean que por esta vía, se ataja mucho camino.’ (I cannot but fear that the great ease that it [the tablature] presents will cause the best musicians to slander it and hold it in low esteem, because have they invested so much time and endured so much work to attain their knowledge, and shall see that through this path they can take a big short cut). See Griffiths, John, ‘Printing the Art of Orpheus’, in Fenlon and Knighton, , eds., Early Music Printing, 183Google Scholar.
35 This was not unusual in other countries, as pointed out by Roger Chartier in his ‘Afterword: Music in Print’ to van Orden, ed., Music and the Cultures of Print, 331, citing the cases of John Playford or Étienne Roger. Many prints of the Imprenta de Música are easily accessible through the Biblioteca digital hispánica <www.bne.es>.
36 Index expurgatorius hispanus, ed. Sarmiento y Valladares, Diego and Marín, Vidal (Madrid: Typographia Musicae, 1707)Google Scholar. The same year a Bourbon propaganda sheet representing typographically the order of the battle of Almansa was also issued by the Imprenta de Música. See Orden de la Batalla que tubo el exercito de su Magestad (que Dios Guarde) el día 25 de abril de 1707 sobre los campos de Almansa, y orden que tubo el enemigo que quedó enteramente derrotado por las Victoriosas Armas de Su Magestad, one copy surviving at the Real Academia de la Historia (Madrid) under the signature 9/3653 (29).
37 Research on Madrilenian printers and editors of the early eighteenth century is scarce. Judging from the surviving editions traced in Aguilar Piñal, Francisco's comprehensive Bibliografía de autores españoles del siglo XVIII, ten volumes (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1981–2001)Google Scholar, the printer Bernardo Peralta seems to have been active as an independent publisher in Madrid from about 1716, specializing in medical literature. Pedro Ulloa's Música universal and Antonio Martín y Coll's Arte de canto llano (1719) were produced by him using the typography of the Imprenta de Música.
38 This seems to be an exceptional situation. For a typology of music dealers and editors (based mainly on German examples) see Hortschansky, Klaus, ‘The Musician as Music Dealer in the Second Half of the 18th Century’, in The Social Status of the Professional Musician from the Middle Ages to the 19th Century, ed. Salmen, Walter, Kaufman, Herbert and Reisner, Barbara (New York: Pendragon, 1983), 210–211Google Scholar.
39 See de los Reyes Gómez, Fermin, ‘Los libros de Nuevo Rezado y la imprenta española del siglo XVIII’, Revista general de información y documentación 9/1 (1999), 117–158Google Scholar. On the lasting influence of this privilege on Spanish music printing at the end of the eighteenth century see Marín López, Javier, ‘Libros de música para el Nuevo Mundo a finales del siglo XVIII: el proyecto editorial del impresor José Doblado’, in Orbis incognitvs. Avisos y legajos del Nuevo Mundo: homenaje al Profesor Luis Navarro García, ed. Navarro Antolín, Fernando (Huelva: Universidad de Huelva – Asociación Española de Americanistas, 2008), volume 2, 137–152Google Scholar.
40 On Los desagravios de Troya see Kleinertz, Rainer, Grundzüge des spanischen Musiktheaters im 18. Jahrhunderts: Ópera – Comedia – Zarzuela (Kassel: Reichenberger, 2003), 27–52Google Scholar.
41 On Montemar's musical patronage see Carreras, Juan José, ‘La serenata en la corte española (1700–1746)’, in La serenata tra Seicento e Settecento: musica, poesia, scenotecnica, ed. Maccavino, Nicolò (Reggio Calabria: Laruffa, 2007), volume 2, 612–613Google Scholar.
42 See La pérdida de Europa: la guerra de sucesión por la monarquía de España, ed. Álvarez-Ossorio, Antonio, García García, Bernardo and León, Virginia (Madrid: Fundación Carlos de Amberes, 2007)Google Scholar.
43 ‘Sácalas a la luz y las dedica a la excelentísima señora Doña Josepha Álvarez de Toledo … marquesa de Belmonte y Menas-Albas, don Joseph de Torres, organista principal de la Real Capilla’ (from the title-page). In the introduction Al lector Torres states that he contacted all the people who knew the poet in order to collect his poems, but that he was only partially successful: ‘aunque conseguí algunas, me escondió muchas, o la codicia, o la mala intención’ (even though I obtained some [poems], many were hidden from me out of greed or bad intentions). Coloma's book circulated also as a manuscript copy, as is proved by MS 4121 from the Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid. See Carreira, Antonio, ‘La obra poética de Damián Cornejo’, Criticón 103–104 (2008), 42–43Google Scholar.
44 See Tedesco, Anna, ‘Juan Francisco Pacheco V duca di Uceda, uomo politico e mecenate tra Palermo, Roma e Vienna nell'epoca della Guerra di Sucessione Spagnola’, in Álvarez-Ossorio, , García, and Léon, , eds, La pérdida de Europa, 491–548Google Scholar; Martín Velasco, Margarita, La colección de libros impresos del IV Duque de Uceda en la Biblioteca Nacional de España: estudio y catálogo (Madrid: Calambur, 2009)Google Scholar.
45 On Eugenio Coloma see Álvarez y Baena, Jose Antonio, Hijos de Madrid, ilustres en santidad, dignidades, armas, ciencias y artes: diccionario histórico por el orden alfabético de sus nombres que consagra al Ilmo. y Nobilísimo Ayuntamiento de la Imperial y Coronada Villa de Madrid (Madrid: 1789–1791), volume 1, 414–415Google Scholar.
46 ‘Causa admiración verle en el clavicordio acompañar un papel, y no parece tanto habilidad adquirida como infusa ciencia. Y así vivo temeroso, pues estando con la justa vanidad de ser Vuestra Excelencia mi discípulo, me da su ciencia fundamento para dudar si he sido su maestro.’ Fragmentos, dedication. The Diccionario de Autoridades, volume 1 (Madrid: Real Academia Española, 1726), 377Google Scholar, recalls the general Spanish use of the term clavicordio as harpsichord (‘otros le llaman clavicymbalo’).
47 See Manuel de Herrera, Carta y compendio de lo que sucedió en España desde el diez de marzo de 1706 hasta el 18 de mayo 1707 [MS], 9 (Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, R 60361/30). See also Alvarez y Baena, Jose Antonio, Hijos de Madrid ilustres, volume 4, 22–23Google Scholar, and Sánchez Belén, Juan Antonio and Saavedra Zapater, Juan C., ‘La Capilla Real de Felipe V durante la Guerra de Sucesión’, in Homenaje a Antonio de Béthencourt Massdieu (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Cabildo de Gran Canaria, 1995), volume 3, 381Google Scholar.
48 See Lolo, La música, 79–81. On the political background of this process see Morales, L'artiste, 74–94.
49 On the first images of Philip as warrior–king printed in the same year in France see Torrione, Margarita, ‘La imagen de Felipe V en el grabado francés de la Guerra de Sucesión’, in Álvarez-Ossorio, , García, and Léon, , eds, La pérdida de Europa, 38–41Google Scholar; see also Morán Turina, José Miguel, La imagen del rey Felipe V y el arte (Madrid: Nerea, 1990)Google Scholar.
50 On the Portocarrero's political profile see Peña Izquierdo, Antonio R., La casa de Palma: la familia Portocarrero en el gobierno de la monarquía hispánica (1665–1700) (Cordoba: Universidad de Córdoba/CajaSur, 2004)Google Scholar. The second edition of the Reglas in 1736 was dedicated to Álvaro de Mendoza, who had been appointed head of the Royal Chapel two years earlier.
51 Manuel Ordóñez appears as a poet associated with the Royal Chapel and excluded from it in May 1701; see Morales, Nicolas, ‘L'exil d'Henry Desmarest à la cour de Philippe V, premier Bourbon d'Espagne: 1701–1706’, in Henry Desmarest (1661–1741): exils d'un musicien dans l'Europe du Grand Siècle, ed. Duron, Jean and Ferraton, Yves (Sprimont: Mardaga, 2005), 71Google Scholar. He also took part in poetical academies, for instance the ‘Academia que se celebró en el convento de los Padres clérigos regulares’ in Madrid in 1681.
52 ‘Para todo lo perteneciente a música, por tiempo de diez años’; Nassarre, Fragmentos Músicos, ‘Suma del Privilegio’.
53 See Masson, Paul-Marie, ‘Le recueil madrilène des “Canciones Francesas … para todos los instrumentos” (1701)’, Acta musicologica 10 (1938), 174–189Google Scholar; Carreras, Juan José, ‘L'Espagne et les influences européennes: la musique française à la cour d'Espagne (1679–1714)’, in Échanges musicaux franco-espagnols XVIIe–XIXe siècles, ed. Lesure, François (Paris: Klincksieck, 2000), 80–81Google Scholar.
54 ‘No fuera justo se permitiera el que la otra parte tuviese imprenta, pues en la de la mía pudiera hacer la impresión corrigiendo las erratas antes de tirarla en limpio, y después llevarse a casa y gozar de la ganancia que tuviera en la venta, como se practica con los autores de los libros frecuentemente.’ On proof corrections by literary authors see Dadson, Trevor J., ‘La corrección de pruebas (y un libro de poesía)’, in Imprenta y crítica textual en el Siglo de Oro, ed. Rico, Francisco (Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid/Centro para la Edición de los Clásicos Españoles, 2000), 118–119Google Scholar.
55 See Vera, Alejandro, ‘Santiago de Murcia (1673–1739): New Contributions on His Life and Work’, Early Music 36/4 (2008), 605Google Scholar. For an updated list of surviving copies and manuscript concordances, and a full description of the copy preserved in Mexico Cathedral of the Missarum liber, see Marín López, Javier, Los libros de polifonía de la Catedral de México: estudio y catálogo crítico (Jaén-Madrid: Universidad de Jaén/Sociedad Española de Musicología, 2012), volume 1, 639–664Google Scholar. A general overview by Alejandro Vera of the reception of music prints in Latin America during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries can be found in the third volume of the forthcoming Historia de la música en España e Hispanoamérica, ed. Torrente, Álvaro (Madrid-Mexico Distrito Federal: Fondo de Cultura Económica)Google Scholar.
56 As in other towns, book merchants in Madrid were organized as a brotherhood from 1611 in order to protect their privileges. See Paredes Alonso, Javier, Mercaderes de libros: cuatro siglos de historia de la Hermandad de San Gerónimo (Madrid: Fundación Germán Sánchez Ruipérez, 1988)Google Scholar.
57 Archivo Histórico de Protocolos de Madrid, Eugenio Alonso de Monje, protocolo 15755, fols 280–283 (Madrid, 4 May 1745), cited by Morales, L'artiste de cour, 480. The quantity of 550 copies of the 1702 print is given in the approbation signed by Sebastián de Cotes.
58 ‘Por haber contraído diferentes empeños para dar a la estampa el Libro de Misas que tiene dedicado a VM.’ Archivo General de Palacio (Madrid), Real Capilla, Caja 126. For a complete transcription of this document, dated 8 August 1703, see Lolo, La música, 217–218. On the Missarum liber see John Edward Druesedow, ‘The Missarum Liber (1703) of José de Torres y Martínez Bravo (1665–1738)’ (PhD dissertation, Indiana University, 1972), and ‘Aspectos téoricos modales de un libro español de misas de principios del siglo XVIII de José de Torres y Martínez Bravo’, Revista musical chilena 29 (1975), 40–55Google Scholar.
59 ‘Hasta la cantidad de quinientas resmas o más o menos.’ Archivo Histórico de Protocolos de Madrid, Joseph de Eguiluz, protocolo 12584, fol. 10, cited by Jambou, Louis, ‘Documentos relativos a los músicos de la segunda mitad del siglo XVII de las Capillas Reales y Villa y Corte de Madrid sacados de su Archivo de Protocolos’, Revista de musicología 12/2 (1989), 508–509CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
60 With one ream being equivalent to five hundred sheets of paper, the total amount of the purchase would have been around 250,000 sheets. Nassarre's Fragmentos in quarto is 304 pages long. If each exemplar required forty sheets, accommodating eight pages per sheet, the total extent of the edition would be 6,250 copies.
61 ‘Representando haver dispuesto y dado a la estampa un Livro de Çifras de Arpa muy concernientes para el culto divino, y los excesivos gastos y empeños que le ha ocasionado.’ Archivo Catedralicio de Toledo, Actas capitulares 48 (1702–1704), fol. 290r, cited by Jambou, Louis, ‘Arpistas en la Catedral de Toledo. Del testamento de Diego Fernández de Huete a su música: Zien Láminas de Bronze poco mas o menos’, Revista de musicología 13/2 (2000), 570Google Scholar.
62 ‘Zien láminas pocas más o menos de Bronze que se abrieron pa para el primero y segundo libro de zifra para arpa y órgano con sus adornos.’ Archivo Histórico de Protocolos de Toledo, Testamento de Diego Fernández de Huete, Protocolo 487 del escribano Gabriel Ruiz de Arrieta del 1.11.1709. The whole document has been reproduced by Louis Jambou, ‘Arpistas’, 576–577.
63 On the different editions of de Montanos, Francisco's Arte de música (Valladolid, 1592)Google Scholar see Ascensión Mazuela-Anguita, ‘Artes de canto (1492–1626) y mujeres en la cultura musical del mundo ibérico renacentista’ (PhD dissertation, Universidad de Barcelona, 2012), volume 1, 259–262.
64 On the performing contexts for secular and sacred cantatas see Carreras, Juan José, ‘La cantata española’, in Historia de la música en España e Hispanoamericana, volume 4: El siglo XVIII, ed. Leza, J. M. (Madrid: Fondo de Cultura Económica, forthcoming)Google Scholar.
65 Subirá, José described the sheets preserved in the Alba collection in Madrid in his La música en la casa de Alba: estudios históricos y biográficos (Madrid: Sucesores de Rivadeneira, 1927), 261–266Google Scholar; for the correct identification of the 1721 Facco fragments (which I suggest were presented as a single cantata) see Casademunt i Fiol, Sergi, ‘Aportaciò a la història de la impremta a la península: Las Amazonas de España de Jaime Facco’, Revista catalana de musicologia 1 (2001), 223–225Google Scholar. The Latin American loose sheets were catalogued by Stevenson, Robert, Renaissance and Baroque Musical Sources in the Americas (Washington, D. C.: Organization of American States, 1970), 65–106, 130, 178–179Google Scholar. My thanks to Juan Carlos Estenssoro for his help in locating the Peruvian copy of Torres's cantata Por el tenaro monte. Durón's undated sheet print Negliya que quiele corresponds to the sixth Epiphany villancico for the 1704 celebrations at the Royal Chapel of the Monastery of La Encarnación (Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, VE 531/11). See also La música en la catedral de Segovia, ed. López-Calo, José (Segovia: Diputación Provincial, 1988–1989), volume 2, 220Google Scholar; Catálogo del archivo de música de la catedral de Salamanca, ed. García-Fraile, Dámaso (Cuenca: Instituto de Música Religiosa, 1981)Google Scholar; Catálogo de impresos musicales del siglo XVIII en la Biblioteca Nacional (Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, 1989), núms 200, 733 bis. For information on the location of the Madrid Conservatory copies I am grateful to Luis Robledo and José Carlos Gosálvez. The printed tonada ‘Pues me pierdo’ by Sebastián Durón preserved at Segovia Cathedral has been edited by Baron, John H., Spanish Art Song in the Seventeenth Century (Madison: A-R Editions, 1985), 44–45Google Scholar. See also Esses, Dance, 95–96. For an edition of the sheet prints from Guatemala see de Torres, José, Obras a solo y a dúo de la Imprenta de Música, ed. Angulo Díaz, Raúl (Santo Domingo de la Calzada: Fundación Gustavo Bueno, 2012)Google Scholar. In spite of its questionable decision to ignore all previous research on the subject, Angulo's edition is useful in identifying two possibly previously unknown manuscript copies of sheet prints: the duo Albricias, campañas and the Christmas cantata Cielos, qué nuevas antorchas. The chronology of this last piece is known from a textual concordance with the 1721 chap-book corresponding to the Christmas Matins celebration at the Spanish Royal Chapel. See José de Torres, Obras a solo, 17.
66 It is clear that hard evidence for this particular means of dating prints can only be acquired through a systematic study of all the surviving sources and by reconstructing the chronological series of sheet prints by Torres, as shown in the present study, so as to exclude any coincidences. I first presented a reconstruction of the dated sheet series in order to prove my hypothesis in 2005 in Madrid (see note 9) and gave notice of the same in my essay ‘José de Torres (ca. 1670–1738)’, published in Revista de la Fundación Juan March 407 (December 2011), 2–7. Surprisingly, Begoña Lolo uses this evidence to date the Literes serenata of 1708 without acknowledgement and wrongly implies that sheet prints were always dated. See Lolo, ‘La Imprenta de Música’, 85–86.
67 On copying music in late seventeenth-century Madrid see the path-breaking research by Pablo-L. Rodríguez, ‘Música, poder y devoción: la Capilla Real de Carlos II (1665–1700)’ (PhD dissertation, Universidad de Zaragoza, 2003), volume 1, 199–275. Next to paleographical evidence, the collected letters of various chapel masters are fundamental for tracing exchanges between music and poetry: see Fernández-Rufete, Carmelo Caballero, El Barroco musical en Castilla y León: estudios en torno a Miguel Gómez Camargo (Valladolid: Diputación de Valladolid, 2005)Google Scholar; Rodríguez, Pablo L., ‘“Sólo Madrid es Corte”: villancicos de las Capillas Reales de Carlos II en la catedral de Segovia’, Artigrama 12 (1996–1997), 237–255Google Scholar; Olarte Martínez, Matilde, ‘Aportaciones de la correspondencia epistolar de Miguel de Irízar sobre música y músicos españoles durante el siglo XVII’, Cuadernos de Arte 26 (1995), 83–96Google Scholar. On copying practices in an eighteenth-century Spanish cathedral see the fundamental contribution by Ángel Marín, Miguel, Music on the Margin: Urban Musical Life in Eighteenth-Century Jaca (Spain) (Kassel: Reichenberger, 2002), 237–303Google Scholar. For a general overview see also Ezquerro Esteban, Antonio, González Marín, Luis Antonio and González Valle, José Vicente, ‘The Circulation of Music in Spain 1600–1900’, in The Circulation of Music in Europe 1600–1900: A Collection of Essays and Case Studies, ed. Rasch, Rudolf (Berlin: Berliner Wissenschaftsverlag, 2008), 9–31Google Scholar.
68 See Love, Harold, The Culture and Commerce of Texts: Scribal Publication in Seventeenth-Century England (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998), 3–34Google Scholar. On the circulation of manuscripts in Spain see Bouza, Fernando, Corre manuscrito: una historia cultural del Siglo de Oro (Madrid: Marcial Pons, 2001)Google Scholar.
69 One of the definitions of ‘pliego’ in the Diccionario de Autoridades, volume 5 (Madrid: Real Academia Española, 1737), 300, reads: ‘Por extensión se llama al envoltorio o cúmulo de cartas debajo de una cubierta. Y también se suele llamar así, aunque no sea más de una carta.’
70 Caballero, El Barroco musical, 254.
71 On Lizondo as a copyist see Rodríguez, ‘Música, poder y devoción’, 218–241; Rodríguez, Pablo L., ‘La librería del Monastero di San Lorenzo di El Escorial come museo musicale della corte spagnola’, in Celesti Sirene: musica e monachesimo dal Medioevo all'Ottocento, ed. Bonsante, Annamaria and Pasquandrea, Roberto Matteo (Foggia: Claudio Grenzi, 2010), 129–139Google Scholar.
72 See Torrente, Álvaro and Rodríguez, Pablo-L., ‘The “Guerra Manuscript” (c. 1680) and the Rise of Solo Song in Spain’, Journal of the Royal Musical Association 123/2 (1998), 147–189Google Scholar.
73 On the circulation of Italian cantatas in Spain see Veneziano, Giulia, ‘Un corpus de cantatas napolitanas del siglo XVIII en Zaragoza: problemas de difusión del repertorio italiano en España’, Artigrama 12 (1996–1997), 277–291Google Scholar, and Domínguez, José María, ‘“Comedias armónicas a la usanza de Italia”: Alessandro Scarlatti's Music and the Spanish Nobility c. 1700’, Early Music 37/2 (2009), 201–215Google Scholar.
74 See Juan José Carreras, ‘La cantata de cámara’, 83–90.
75 I take the term from Harold Love's proposed three modes of scribal publication (author, entrepreneur and user publication). See Love, The Culture and Commerce of Texts, 47. On commercial music copying in Europe during the eighteenth century see Devriès-Lesure, ‘Technological Aspects’, 64–66.
76 Le Cène's legacy of 1743 lists as item number 73 ‘Un livre manuscrit de Cantade Spagnole’; see Rasch, Rudolf, ‘I manoscriti musicali nel lascito di Michel-Charles Le Cène (1743)’, in Intorno a Locatelli, ed. Dunning, Albert (Lucca: Libreria Musicale Italiana, 1995), 1069Google Scholar. On the copying of cantata anthologies see El manuscrito Mackworth de cantatas españolas, ed. Carreras, Juan José (Madrid: Fundación Caja Madrid/Alpuerto, 2004), 18–21Google Scholar. For general overview of the main Spanish cantata sources see Carreras, Juan José, ‘The Spanish Cantata to 1800’, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, ed. Sadie, Stanley and Tyrrell, John (London: Macmillan, 2001), volume 5, 37–40Google Scholar.
77 ‘Caso de componerse así, habría de ser solamente para uno u otro ejecutor singularisimo, que hubiese en esta o aquella corte, pero no darse a la Imprenta para que ande rodando por las provincias.’ Feijoo, Benito, Teatro crítico universal (Madrid: Lorenzo Francisco Mojados, 1726), volume 1, 285Google Scholar. On the indirect connection of Feijoo with the Imprenta de Música through the Spanish cantata manuscript M 2618 see Carreras, ‘La cantata de cámara’, 87–88.
78 Eustaquio Cerbellón de la Vera, Dialogo Harmónico sobre el Theatro crítico universal en defensa de la Música en los templos. Dedicado a las tres Capillas Reales de esta Corte, la de Su Magestad, Señoras Descalças, y Señoras de la Encarnación (Madrid, 1726), 50. On Cerbellón de la Vera see Martín Moreno, Antonio, El padre Feijoo y las ideologías musicales del siglo XVIII (Orense: Instituto de Estudios Orensanos, 1976), 202–214Google Scholar. It has been suggested that Cerbellón could be the pen name of Pedro Cerbelloni, an Italian chaplain of the Royal Chapel in Madrid; see Morales, L'artiste, 321.
79 As suggested by Esses, Dance, 132. The reference by Literes to Queen María Luisa being deceased (‘que Dios tiene’) in August 1714 also makes sense, as she died on 14 February of the same year. For biographical detail in relation to the edition of the Resumen see Russell, Craig H., Santiago de Murcia's ‘Códice Saldivar no. 4’: A Treasury of Secular Guitar Music from Baroque Mexico (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995), volume 1, 115–137Google Scholar. See also Carreras, ‘L'Espagne’, 78–80, for a musical borrowing from Murcia in the cantata ‘Ah del rústico’ (1710).
80 Archivo General de Palacio (Madrid), Reinados, Felipe V, Caja 340.
81 The dedication makes allusion to the father, speaking of ‘la honra, y apreciable esmalte que me adorna, de ser hijo de un Criado antiguo y actual de Vuestra Majestad’ (the honour and worthy gleam that embellishes me, being the son of a former and present servant of Your Majesty). On the front page Torres Eguiluz appears as doctor and ‘Colegial en el insigne Colegio de Málaga de la Universidad de Alcalá, de su Gremio, y Claustro, y Opositor a las Cathedras de Canones, y Leyes de dicha Universidad’. See Palermo, Giovanni Battista, Alegación legal, canonica, theologica, politica, y feudal (Madrid: Imprenta Real de Música, 1734)Google Scholar. Torres's younger son Manuel made a military career in a cavalry batallion of dragoons; see Morales, L'artiste, 565.
82 From 1705 onwards Torres published some mass fragments by these composers in the different editions of Montanos's treatise.
83 de Torres, José, Reglas generales de acompañar (Madrid: Imprenta de Música, 1736), 98Google Scholar. Apparently the translation was never published.
84 Ana Crisitina Gonçalves Torres, ‘A Officina da Musica: uma oficina tipográfica portuguesa da primeira metade do século XVIII’ (Master's dissertation, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2001), quoted by Doderer, Gerhard, ‘Jayme de la Té y Sagáu e as suas Cantatas de câmara (1715–1725)’, Recerca musicologica 19 (2009), 126Google Scholar.
85 See Doderer, Gerhard, ‘An Unknown Repertory: The Cantatas of Jayme de la Tê y Sagau (Lisbon, 1715–26)’, in Music in Spain during the Eighteenth Century, ed. Boyd, Malcolm and Carreras, Juan José (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 80–107Google Scholar. The list is reproduced on pages 103–107.
86 There is one puzzling exception in the case of one of the 1711 sheets (see Table 2). The song ‘Yo no puedo’ is taken (as the cover rightly states) from the zarzuela El imposible mayor. Although the print attributes the song to Torres, this zarzuela was composed by Durón and was performed ten times at the Santa Cruz theatre between 24 July and 3 August 1710. See Los libros de cuentas de los corrales de comedias de Madrid: 1706–1719: estudio y documentos, ed. Varey, John E. and Davis, Charles (London: Tamesis, 1984), 168–169Google Scholar. I suggest that this exception is related to Durón's political exile, which would have made its appearance at the Imprenta de Música inappropriate. In this sense, it should not be considered simply as a question of illegal copying, as proposed by Antonio Martín Moreno; see Introduction to Durón, Sebastián, El imposible mayor en amor, le vence amor: zarzuela en dos jornadas (Música Hispana Serie A53), ed. Martín Moreno, Antonio (Madrid: Sociedad General de Autores, 2005), xiiiGoogle Scholar, where this print is mistakenly considered as lost. I am grateful to the Fundación Casa de Alba for its permission to consult the music print sheets preserved at the Archivo de los Duques de Alba (Palacio de Liria, Madrid), Caja 174/22. I also thank José Manuel Calderón, who is in charge of the library and archive, for his friendly assistance.
87 There is no concordance with the Torres organ manuscript in the Mexican Sánchez Garza Collection. An early significant example of this partitura, or score print, for keyboard may be found in Manuel Rodrigues Coelho's Flores de Música (Lisbon, 1620, printed by Pedro Craesbeeck). For a modern edition and study of this print see Flores de Música: Manuel Rodrigues Coelho (Portugaliae Musica, series A1 and 3), ed. Kastner, Macario Santiago (Lisbon: Fundação Gulbenkian, 1959)Google Scholar. For Torres's organ manuscript see Delgado Parra, Gustavo, Un libro didáctico del siglo XVIII para la enseñanza de la composición (Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2010)Google Scholar.
88 Coming from Madrid, Vicente Hernández Illana was admited as a bajón player in Burgos cathedral in 1730, where he remained for a year. In December 1729 his brother Francisco Hernández Illana was named head of chapel music at the same cathedral. Manuel Marín was admited as second organist and harpist of the chapel in 1724, where he was still active in 1775. See La música en la catedral de Burgos, ed. López-Calo, José (Burgos: Caja de Ahorros del Círculo Católico, 1996), volume 6, 86, 116, 118, 130 and 369Google Scholar.
89 ‘Hernz. Sculpsit Matriti’ at the end of the print provides information on the engraver. The print is undated, but the chronology has to be 1743 or close to it, as it accompanies the new application for a printing privilege.
90 See Howell, Almonte, ‘Spain's First Printed Keyboard Score: The Six Fugues of Juan Sessé’, in Essays on the Music of J. S. Bach and Other Divers Subjects: A Tribute to Gerhard Herz, ed. Weaver, Robert L. (Louisville: University of Louisville, 1981), 281–290Google Scholar.
91 ‘Aunque la estampa de mi parte es mucho mas primorosa y vistosa por ser abierta a buril y la de Don Joseph Vicente hecha a punzón.’ Document dated Madrid, 17 February 1745. Caillaux appears as the engraver of a collection of duets by Pierre Bucquet, Pièces à deux flûtes traversières sans basse divisées en quatre suites (Seville, 1734). One copy of this edition is preserved at the Bibliothèque National de France under the signature RES 206. For a modern edition see Bucquet, Pierre, Pièces à deux flûtes traversières, ed. Pons Seguí, A. (Santo Domingo de la Calzada: Fundación Gustavo Bueno, 2011)Google Scholar. On the family of oboists Bucquet or Bouquet see Morales, L'artiste, 267.
92 Against the simplifying myth of a progressive and enlightened period replacing the old baroque culture, the Spanish eighteenth century saw an effective increase of censorship, as pointed out by García Martín, El juzgado de imprentas, 30–32.
93 ‘Con la novedad de salir impreso en el modo que llaman entablatura, tan dificultoso para la prensa, como fácil para la estampa o buril, que acosta de mi desvelo he logrado se ejecute en España, aunque no con la mayor hermosura, sí con bastante claridad para la inteligencia.’ José de Torres's Treatise of 1736, ed. Murphy, P. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000), 14Google Scholar. On the technical limitations of Torres's press see Esses, Dance, 96–97.