Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T01:32:09.491Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A BLACK MAN IN THE WHITE HOUSE?

The Role of Racism and Patriotism in the 2008 Presidential Election

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2009

Christopher S. Parker*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University of Washington, Seattle
Mark Q. Sawyer
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles
Christopher Towler
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University of Washington, Seattle
*
Professor Christopher S. Parker, Department of Political Science, University of Washington, 117 Gowen Hall, Seattle, WA 98195. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Race and patriotism were recurring themes during the 2008 presidential campaign that were used to highlight differences between Barack Obama and his opponents. Yet we know little about how racism and patriotism ultimately affected support for Obama among Whites. Appeals to working-class Whites, a lot of which were thinly veiled allusions to Obama's race and perceived lack of patriotism, also figured prominently in the campaign. Accordingly, this paper explores how racism and patriotism shaped support for Obama, as well as the extent to which the effect of each is moderated by class. We find that rising symbolic racism dampened his support among Whites, as did patriotism. Moreover, we find the effects of patriotism on support for Obama were contingent upon class.

Type
STATE OF THE ART
Copyright
Copyright © W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Baas, Larry R. (1979). The Constitution as Symbol: The Interpersonal Sources of a Secondary Symbol. American Journal of Political Science, 23(1): 101120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bazinet, Kenneth R. and McAuliff, Michael (2008). Obama Rides Off to Penn: Aims to Smooth Things Over in Working-Class Areas Where Ruffled Feathers during Primary. Daily News (New York), August 29.Google Scholar
Becker, John F. and Heaton, Eugene E. Jr. (1967). The Election of Senator Edward W. Brooke. Journal of Politics, 31(3): 346358.Google Scholar
Berns, Walter (2002). Making Patriots. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Binkley, Wilfred E. (1952). A Grammar of American Politics: The National, State, and Local Governments. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence D. (1999). Prejudice as Group Position: Microfoundations of a Sociological Approach to Racism and Race Relations. Journal of Social Issues, 55(3): 445472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence D. and Hutchings, Vincent L. (1996). Perceptions of Racial Group Competition: Extending Blumer's Theory of Group Position to a Multiracial Social Context. American Sociological Review, 61(6): 951972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence D. and Kluegel, James R. (1997). Status, Ideology, and Dimensions of Whites' Racial Beliefs and Attitudes: Progress and Stagnation. In Tuch, Steven A. and Martin, Jack K. (Eds.), Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change, pp. 93120. Greenwood, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence D., Kluegel, James R., and Smith, Ryan A. (1997). Laissez-Faire Racism: The Crystallization of a Kinder, Gentler Antiblack Ideology. In Tuch, Steven A. and Martin, Jack K. (Eds.), Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change, pp. 1544. Greenwood, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence D. and Licari, Frederick C. (1989). Education and Political Tolerance: Testing the Effects of Cognitive Sophistication and Target Group Affect. Public Opinion Quarterly, 53(3): 285308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2001). White Supremacy and Racism in the Post–Civil Rights Era. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2006). Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Brewer, Marilynn B. (1999). The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love or Outgroup Hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55(3): 429444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canellos, Peter S. (2008). Winning Clinton's Working-Class Fan Base Is True Challenge. Boston Globe, August 27.Google Scholar
Citrin, Jack, Green, Donald Philip, and Sears, David O. (1990). White Reactions to Black Candidates: When Does Race Matter? Public Opinion Quarterly, 54(1): 7496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Citrin, Jack, Wong, Cara, and Duff, Brian (2001). The Meaning of American National Identity: Patterns of Ethnic Conflict and Consensus. In Ashmore, Richard D., Jussim, Lee, and Wilder, David (Eds.), Social Identity, Intergroup Conflict, and Conflict Reduction, pp. 71100. London: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colleau, Sophie M., Glynn, Kevin, Lybrand, Steven, Merelman, Richard M., Mohan, Paula, and Wall, James E. (1990). Symbolic Racism in Candidate Evaluation: An Experiment. Political Behavior, 12(4): 385402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Darren W. (2007). Negative Liberty: Public Opinion and the Terrorist Attacks on America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
De Figueiredo, Rui J. P. and Elkins, Zachary (2003). Are Patriots Bigots? An Inquiry into the Vices of In-Group Pride. American Journal of Political Science, 47(1): 171188.Google Scholar
Devos, Thierry and Banaji, Mahzarin R. (2005). American = White? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(3): 447466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dietz, Mary G. (2002). Patriotism: A Brief History of the Term. In Primoratz, Igor (Ed.), Patriotism, pp. 201216. New York: Humanity.Google Scholar
Durr, Kenneth D. (2003). Behind the Backlash: White Working-Class Politics in Baltimore, 1940–1980. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Easton, David and Dennis, Jack (1969). Children in the Political System: Origins of Political Legitimacy. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Edelman, Murray (1985). The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Elder, Charles D. and Cobb, Roger W. (1983). The Political Use of Symbols. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Lawrence H. (1990). The American Kaleidoscope: Race, Ethnicity, and the Civic Culture. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
Gerstle, Gary (2002). Working-Class Americanism: The Politics of Labor in a Textile City, 1914–1960. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomberg, Paul (1990). Patriotism is Like Racism. Ethics, 101(10): 144150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenstein, Fred I. (1960). The Benevolent Leader: Children's Images of Political Authority. American Political Science Review, 54(4): 934943.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hajnal, Zoltan L. (2007). Changing White Attitudes toward Black Political Leadership. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hosseini, Khaled (2008). McCain and Palin are Playing with Fire. Washington Post, October 12.Google Scholar
Huddy, Leonie and Khatib, Nadia (2007). American Patriotism, National Identity, and Political Involvement. American Journal of Political Science, 51(1): 6377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, Michael (1997). Symbolic Racism, Old-Fashioned Racism, and Whites' Opposition to Affirmative Action. In Tuch, Steven A. and Martin, Jack K. (Eds.), Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change, pp. 4575. Greenwood, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Jackman, Mary R. (1978). General and Applied Tolerance: Does Education Increase Commitment to Racial Integration? American Journal of Political Science, 22(2): 302324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackman, Mary R. and Jackman, Robert W. (1973). An Interpretation of the Relation between Objective and Subjective Status. American Sociological Review, 38(5): 569582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiewiet, D. Roderick (1983). Macroeconomics and Micropolitics: The Electoral Effects of Economic Issues. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R. and Kiewiet, D. Roderick (1979). Economic Discontent and Political Behavior: The Role of Personal Grievances and Collective Economic Judgments in Congressional Voting. American Journal of Political Science, 23(3): 495527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinder, Donald R. and Sanders, Lynn M. (1996). Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R. and Sears, David O. (1981). Prejudice and Politics: Symbolic Racism versus Racial Threats to the Good Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(3): 414431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis-Beck, Michael S. (2008). The American Voter Revisited. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Qiong and Brewer, Marilynn B. (2004). What Does It Mean to Be an American? Patriotism, Nationalism, and American Identity After 9/11. Political Psychology, 25(5): 727739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipset, Seymour Martin (1996). American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Los Angeles Times (2008). Obamas “Uppity”? Yes, Official Says. September 6.Google Scholar
MacGillis, Alec (2008). For Obama, Another Blue-Collar Challenge. Washington Post, June 8.Google Scholar
McConahay, John B. (1982). Self-Interest versus Racial Attitudes as Correlates of Anti-busing Attitudes in Louisville. Journal of Politics, 44(3): 692720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCormick, Joseph P. II and Jones, Charles E. (1993). The Conceptualization of Deracialization: Thinking through the Dilemma. In Persons, Georgia A. (Ed.), Dilemma of Black Politics: Issues of Leadership and Strategy, pp. 6684. New York: Harper Collins College.Google Scholar
McDermott, Monica (2006). Working-Class White: The Making and Unmaking of Race Relations. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, Christopher S. (forthcoming). Blind versus Symbolic Patriotism: Distinction without Difference? Political Research Quarterly.Google Scholar
Payne, Les (2008). Obamas Had to Prove Their Patriotism. Newsday, September 1.Google Scholar
Reeves, Keith (1997). Voting Hopes or Fears? White Voters, Black Candidates and Racial Politics in America. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rich, Frank (2008). The Terrorist Barack Hussein Obama. New York Times, October 12.Google Scholar
Roediger, David R. (1991). The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Rohter, Larry (2008). Plumber from Ohio Is Thrust into Spotlight. New York Times, October 16.Google Scholar
Schatz, Robert T. and Staub, Ervin (1997). Manifestations of Blind and Constructive Patriotism: Personality Correlates and Individual-Group Relations. In Bar-Tal, Daniel and Staub, Ervin (Eds.), Patriotism: In the Lives of Individuals and Nations, pp. 229245. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.Google Scholar
Schatz, Robert T., Staub, Ervin, and Lavine, Howard (1999). On the Varieties of National Attachment: Blind versus Constructive Patriotism. Political Psychology, 20(1): 151174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sears, David O. (1983). The Persistence of Early Political Predispositions: The Roles of Attitude Object and Life Stage. In Wheeler, Ladd and Shaver, Philip (Eds.), Vol. 4 of Review of Personality and Social Psychology, pp. 79116. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Sears, David O. (1993). Symbolic Politics: A Socio-psychological Theory. In Iyengar, Shanto and McGuire, William J. (Eds.), Explorations in Political Psychology, pp. 113134. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Sears, David O., Citrin, Jack, Cheleden, Sharmaine V., and van Laar, Colette (1999). Cultural Diversity and Multicultural Politics: Is Ethnic Balkanization Psychologically Inevitable? In Prentice, Deborah A. and Miller, Dale T. (Eds.), Cultural Divides: Understanding and Overcoming Group Conflict, pp. 3579. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Sears, David O., Citrin, Jack, and Kosterman, Rick (1987). Jesse Jackson and the Southern White Electorate in 1984. In Moreland, Laurence W., Steed, Robert P., and Baker, Tod A. (Eds.), Blacks in Southern Politics, pp. 209225. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Sidanius, Jim and Petrocik, John R. (2001). Communal and National Identity in a Multiethnic State: A Comparison of Three Perspectives. In Asmore, Richard D., Jussim, Lee, and Wilder, David (Eds.), Vol. 3 of Social Identity, Intergroup Conflict, and Conflict Reduction, pp. 101129. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sidanius, Jim and Pratto, Felicia (1999). Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sniderman, Paul M. (1996). The Clash of Rights: Liberty, Equality, and Legitimacy in Pluralist Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sniderman, Paul M. and Carmines, Edward G. (1997). Reaching Beyond Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sniderman, Paul M. and Hagen, Michael G. (1985). Race and Inequality: A Study in American Values. Chatham, NJ: Chatham.Google Scholar
Sniderman, Paul M. and Piazza, Thomas L. (1993). The Scar of Race. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sniderman, Paul M., Tetlock, Philip E., and Carmines, Edward G. (1993). Prejudice, Politics, and the American Dilemma. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Stanley, Alessandra (2008). Michelle Obama Highlights Her Warmer Side. New York Times, June 19.Google Scholar
Sullivan, John L., Fried, Amy, and Dietz, Mary G. (1992). Patriotism, Politics, and the Presidential Election of 1988. American Journal of Political Science, 36(2): 200234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tichy, Nicholas (2009). Cognitive Dissonance in the Blogosphere: Racial Frames in the 2008 Election. Unpublished manuscript, University of Washington.Google Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau (2009). Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2009 (128th Edition); State Rankings—Statistical Abstract of the United States Persons 25 Years Old and Over with a Bachelor's Degree or More. Washington, DC. ⟨http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/ranks/rank19.html⟩ (accessed March 22, 2009).Google Scholar
Viroli, Maurizio (1995). For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar