1 Pippin classifies Habermas as only a “highly qualified” defender of modernity (p. 15). See Habermas, Jürgen, The Theory of Comunicative Action, Vol. 1, Reason and Rationalization of Society, translated by McCarthy, T. (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1984)Google Scholar; The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, translated by Lawrence, F. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987)Google Scholar; “Questions and Counter-questions,” in Habermas and Modernity, edited by Bernstein, Richard J. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985).Google ScholarRawls, Regarding, I refer to the original project, that is, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), though later papers, collected now as Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), involve a shift to which I allude at the end of this essay; also,Google ScholarGellner, Ernest, Postmodernism, Reason, and Religion (London: Routledge, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 Rorty, Richard, Consequences of Pragmatism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982), and Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989)Google Scholar; Toulmin, Stephen, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (New York: New York Free Press, 1990)Google Scholar; Taylor, Charles, Sources of the Self (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), and The Ethics of Authenticity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992)Google Scholar.

3 On post-Modernists: Lyotard, Jean-Francois, The Post-Modern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, translated by Bennington, G. and Massumi, B. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984); for different readings of Derrida, and specific texts, seeGoogle ScholarEllis, John, Against Deconstruction (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989) versusGoogle ScholarNorris, Christopher, What's Wrong With Post-modernism (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), chaps. 1,3, 5 and passim; also Bernstein, Habermas and Modernity.Google Scholar

On pre-Modernists: Maclntyre, Alasdair, After Virtue (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984); also Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988); and Three Rival Versions of Moral Inquiry (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1990);Google ScholarGadamer, Hans-Georg, Truth and Method, translated by Barden, G. and Cumming, J. (London: Sheed and Ward, 1975)Google Scholar; Strauss, Leo, Natural Right and History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953)Google Scholar.

4 Pippin discusses Beaudelaire, Flaubert and others to sketch the origins of Modernism. The sensibility of Modernism sought refuge from the routinization and disappointments of modern life in the values of art, culture, sentiment and so forth; Pippin acknowledges the èlitism with which this could be entangled. For other explorations of Modernism, emphasizing its diversity plus its proneness at times to nihilism and political extremism, see Howe, Irving, “The Idea of The Modern,” in Literary Modernism, edited by Howe, Irving (Greenwich, CT: Fawcett, 1967), pp. 25ff., plus essays by Lionel Trilling and others therein;Google ScholarKermode, Frank, “The Modern,” in Modern Essays (London: Collins, Fontana Books, 1971), pp. 39–70, esp. p. 61; andGoogle ScholarGalston, William A., Liberal Purposes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) pp. 59–60. Familiarly, post-Modernism sees Modernism as still too tied to modernity, particularly the longing for subjectivity, ultimacy and so forth, and as needing to be supersededCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 For modernity beginning with the Renaissance humanists, see Toulmin, , Cos-mopolis, p. 42–43, n.2Google Scholar.

6 For Taylor, , see note 2 above, and Hegel and Modern Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); alsoGoogle ScholarAvineri, Shlomo, referenced below. Pippin himself has also authored Hegel's Idealism: The Satisfactions of Self-Consciousness (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989); and for the period generally,Google ScholarConnolly, William E., Political Theory and Modernity (New York and Oxford: Blackwell, 1988)Google Scholar.

7 Cf. Nehamas, Alexander, Nietzsche: Life as Literature (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985).Google Scholar

8 On Hedegger's Nazism see Farias, Victor, Heidegger et le Nazisme (Paris: Verdier, 1987);Google ScholarFerry, Luc and Renaut, Alain, Heidegger and Modernity, translated by Philip, F. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990)Google Scholar; Wolin, Richard, The Politics of Being (New York: Columbia Unversity Press, 1993). Richard Rorty fully accepts the facts about Heidegger's Nazi past, and accepts its reflection on the man but not on his philosophy, which stretches the distance between philosophy and practice to the point of incredulity. SeeGoogle ScholarRorty's, review of Farias's book in The New Republic, April 11,1988, pp. 31–34 and his further speculations ni “Diary,” London Review of Books, February 8, 1990, p. 21Google Scholar.

9 Avèneri, Shlomo, Hegel's Theory of the Modern State (London: Cambridge University Press, 1972)CrossRefGoogle Scholar;O'Neill, Onora, Constructions of Reason: Explorations of Kant's Practical Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989)Google Scholar.

10 Walzer, Michael, Spheres of Justice (New York: Basic Books, 1983).Google Scholar