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The Turkish Drawbridge: European Integration and the Cultural Economics of National Planning

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 October 2013

MEHMET DÖŞEMECI
MEHMET DÖŞEMECI*
Affiliation:
Bucknell University, Coleman Hall, History Dept, Lewisburg, PA, 17837; [email protected]
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Abstract

This article examines the relations between the Turkish State Planning Organisation (SPO) and the Western economic system during the first two decades of national planning in Turkey (1960–1980). It traces how the SPO, established with the guidance and full endorsement of international economic institutions came to vehemently oppose Turkish participation in one of their pillars: the European Economic Community (EEC), the predecessor of the European Union. It argues that the shift in the SPO's world-view was founded upon two distinct understandings of the Turkish nation and its development, situates these understandings within the intellectual history of Turkey's past ambivalence towards the West, and, in doing so, provides a historical case-study of the ideological clash between modernisation and dependency theories of development.

Le pont-levis turc: l’intégration européenne et l’économie culturelle de la planification nationale

Cet article porte sur les relations entre la Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı (DTP), l’organisation de planification nationale turque, et le système économique occidental au cours des deux premières décennies de planification nationale en Turquie (1960–1980). Il montre comment la DTP, qui avait bénéficié pour sa création des conseils et de l’approbation totale des institutions économiques internationales, en est progressivement venue à s’opposer à la participation turque à l’un des piliers de ces institutions, la Communauté économique européenne (CEE), précurseur de l’Union européenne. Selon l’auteur, cette évolution dans la vision du monde de la DTP est due à deux conceptions différentes de la nation turque et de son développement; il replace ces conceptions dans le contexte de l’histoire intellectuelle de l’ambivalence de la Turquie vis-à-vis de l’Occident et fournit ainsi une étude de cas historique du conflit idéologique entre la théorie de la modernisation et celle de la dépendance en matière de développement.

Die türkische zugbrücke: europäische integration und die kulturökonomie nationaler planung

Der Beitrag untersucht die Beziehungen zwischen dem türkischen staatlichen Planungsamt – dem Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı (DPT) – und dem westlichen Wirtschaftssystem während der ersten beiden Jahrzehnte nach der Einführung der nationalen Planung in der Türkei (1960–80). Das DPT wurde ursprünglich mit Anleitung und Unterstützung internationaler Wirtschaftsinstitutionen ins Leben gerufen. In dem Beitrag wird untersucht, wie es schließlich dazu kam, dass sich das DPT einer Beteiligung der Türkei an der Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft (EWG), der Vorläuferorganisation der Europäischen Union, vehement widersetzte. Der Autor vertritt die These, dass die gewandelte Weltsicht des DPT auf zwei unterschiedlich ausgeprägte Wahrnehmungen der türkischen Nation und ihrer Entwicklung zurückzuführen war, und ordnet diese in die Geistesgeschichte der ambivalenten Haltung der Türkei gegenüber dem Westen ein. Der Beitrag liefert damit eine historische Fallstudie zu einem ideologischen Zusammenstoß zwischen Modernisierung und Dependenztheorien der Entwicklung.

Type
Articles
Information
Contemporary European History , Volume 22 , Issue 4 , November 2013 , pp. 627 - 647
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

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References

1 For institutional analyses see Akçay, Ümit, Kapitalizmi Planlamak: Türkiye’de Planlama ve DPT’nin Dönüşümü (Istanbul: Sosyal Araştırmalar Vakfı, 2007)Google Scholar; Aral, Farhi, ed., Planlı Kalkınma Serüveni: 1960’larda Türkiye’de Planlama Deneyimi (Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2003)Google Scholar; İlkin, Selim and İnanç, E., eds, Planning in Turkey (Ankara: METU, 1980)Google Scholar; Küçük, Yalcın, Planlama, Kalkınma, ve Türkiye (Istanbul: Tekin Yayınları, 1978)Google Scholar; Mortan, Kenan and Çakmaklı, Cemil, Geçmişten-Geleceğe Kalkınma Arayışları (Istanbul: Altın Kitaplar Yayınevei, 1987)Google Scholar; Sezen, Seriye, Devetçilikten Özelleştirmeye Türkiye’de Planlama (Ankara: TODAIE, 1999)Google Scholar; Türel, Octar, ed., Two Decades of Planned Development in Turkey (Ankara: METU, 1981)Google Scholar; Ünay, Sadık, Neoliberal Globalization and Institutional Reform: The Political Economy of Development Planning in Turkey (New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2006)Google Scholar.

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24 The breath of reforms to be undertaken by the SPO is indicative of this modernising mission. The initial vision of the planners encompassed the complete reorganisation of state economic investments, a new tax code, and a hitherto elusive land reform, all with the intent of equalising income between regions and classes. In addition to these economic measures, the planners placed great emphasis on education, as the key to equal opportunity, as well as on the health sector, in which they called for the socialisation of health services and population policies such as birth control and family planning. See Necat Erder, in Aral, Planlı Kalkınma, 8–9.

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26 See Vedat Milor, ‘The Genesis of Planning in Turkey’, New Perspectives on Turkey, 4 (Fall 1990), 11.

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34 See Yön, 6 Feb. 1963, 4 Mar. 1966; Forum, 1 Oct. 1963; Cumhuriyet 18 Nov. 1965. In 1967, Turgut Özal, appointed by the PM, Demirel of the JP, was brought in as the undersecretary of the SPO to oversee both the planners and the planning process.

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37 European Economic Community: EEC-Turkey Association Agreement, Protocols, and Other Basic Texts (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1992) and http://discovery.lib.harvard.edu/?itemid=%7Clibrary/m/aleph%7C002799273 (accessed 23 July 2013).

38 This reasoning, and reassurances of the possibility of withdrawal if Turkey was not economically competitive come accession, were largely responsible for the few lines allotted to EEC integration within the plan itself. See Karaosmanoğlu, in Aral, Planlı Kalkınma, 62 and DPT, Kalkınma Planı – Birinci Beş Yil (Ankara: Başbankanlık Devlet Matbaası, 1963).

39 From the viewpoint of post 1980s liberalisation, ISI seems like a conscious and often nationalistic policy choice in the face of globalisation. What this a-historical categorisation omits, however, are the material and ideational limits of policy options open to developing countries in the early 1960s. Turkey, like many other peripheral economies, was simply not manufacturing many goods, so it had little, if anything, to export. Additionally, advanced industrial countries, while removing barriers to trade among themselves, continued to maintain high tariff and quota systems towards imports from the developing world, effectively shutting off the most readily available demand for export-oriented growth. See Sönmez in Aral, Planlı Kalkınma, 38. Within the conditions of 1960 Turkey, the question of striking a balance between ISI and export-led growth was non-existent. As Ayhan Çilingiroğlu of the SPO put it, ‘in a country that has to import its picks and spades, and import them from Czechoslovakia no less, what were we going to sell?’ See Çilingiroğlu in Aral, Planlı Kalkınma, 36.

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