The correlation between socialism and industrialism was found to be. 30. Thus, there is a small positive correlation between the two factors. That is, socialism tends to occur most strongly in industrial areas; however, the relation is not especially strong.

The correlation between socialism and fascism as measured by violence per 100,000 population was found to be. 55. Thus there is a fairly strongest.

Not long ago when the State-owned Air-India acquired its first jumbo jet, it was christened ‘Emperor Ashoka’, a two-thousand year old name for an ultra-modern technological innovation. Let us look at another event. About two months before the jumbo's arrival, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had observed, at a seminar in New Delhi, that modern India should discard the traditions and the irrelevant values, customs, conventions and social systems, while retaining the timeless values for which it had stood for centuries. I have picked up these two events to underscore the problem of harmonizing tradition with innovation, a problem confronting every society in which the elite has set out a timetable of political development through modernization. (I do not intend to engage in the rather unfruitful exercise in terminology, for the definition of these terms would demand a separate paper to satisfy a purist.)

In summarizing, the evidence suggests that during the greater part of the second millenium A.D., the trans-Saharan and western Sudanese trade was embedded in societal frameworks and integrated into existing social structures. It was a socio-economic function which benefited the entire community. Although no fixed national boundaries existed, there were created semi-permanent trading blocks or market networks, which corresponded to the area under de facto ownership or control of a dominant ethnic group or state.

This paper explores certain regularities between social-structural and historical particulars. The particulars are drawn from the society and history of Brunei, an ancient Malay state in northwest Borneo. Since the center of my attention is theory, I shall merely refer the reader to my more extensive summary of the particulars in question.