Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T12:13:47.115Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Clay Minerals in Hydrothermally Altered Volcanic Rocks, Eastern Pontides, Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

Muazzez Çelik ,
Necati Karakaya  and
Abidin Temel
Muazzez Çelik*
Affiliation:
Selçuk University Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Department of Geology Engineering, 42079 Konya, Turkey
Necati Karakaya
Affiliation:
Selçuk University Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Department of Geology Engineering, 42079 Konya, Turkey
Abidin Temel
Affiliation:
Hacettepe University Engineering Faculty, Department of Geology Engineering, 06635 Ankara, Turkey
*
E-mail of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Extensive hydrothermal alteration is observed around volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. These deposits are related to Late Cretaceous volcanism in various parts of the Eastern Pontide province. Mineral assemblages resulting from alteration consist of mostly clay minerals and silica polymorphs, some sulfate minerals, and scarce zeolite minerals. The clay minerals are kaolinite, illite, and smectite. These minerals were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and differential thermal analysis (DTA)-thermal gravimetry (TG) techniques. The illite and the toseki deposits are a result of hydrothermal alteration of dacitic-andesitic volcanites. Two groups of bentonite deposits occur; the first mainly formed by hydrothermal solution whereas the second group resulted from halmyrolysis.

The smectite in these alteration zones is generally montmorillonitic in composition and the interlayer cation is mostly Ca and lesser amounts of Na. The SiO2 and Fe2O3 contents of the hydrothermal bentonites are higher than those of the halmyrolysis smectites; however, the MgO content of both groups is similar. The Na2O and K2O contents of both groups are generally <0.5%. The hydrothermal bentonites are not plastic and have open honeycomb microtextures, although the halmyrolitic smectites are plastic with ultrafine and rod-shaped textures. Illite, which contains some smectite layers, is a 1M polymorph, and has an asymmetry to the low-angle side of the XRD peaks. The impure illite deposits contain various combinations of smectite, kaolinite and gypsum, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, goetite, and quartz. The illite has >35 wt. % Al2O3. The toseki raw material, which may be possibly useful as a porcelain raw material, is composed mainly of illite, kaolinite and quartz, or illite and quartz. The crystallinity of the kaolinite is poor.

Keywords

BentoniteClay MineralsEastern PontidesHydrothermal AlterationIlliteSmectiteTosekiVolcanogenic Massive Sulfide
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 47 , Issue 6 , December 1999 , pp. 708 - 717
Copyright
Copyright © 1999, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Bain, D.C. Smith, B.E.L. and Wilson, M.J., 1987 Chemical analysis A Handbook of Determinative Methods in Clay Mineralogy New York Blackie 248–275.Google Scholar
Beane, R.E. and Titley, S.R., 1981 Porphyry copper deposits. Part II. Hydrothermal alteration and mineralization Economic Geology 235–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boccaletti, M. Manetti, P. and Peccerillo, A., 1973 Hypothesis on the plate tectonic evolution of the Carpatho-Balkan arcs Earth and Planetary Science Letters 23 193–198 10.1016/0012-821X(74)90193-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, G.C. Hughes, D.J. and Esson, J., 1973 New XRF data retrieval techniques and their application to U.S.G.S. standard rocks Chemical Geology 11 223–229 10.1016/0009-2541(73)90018-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Çagatay, M.N., 1981 Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of Turkey under the light of recent developments First Scientific and Technology Congress of Chamber of the Turkish Geological Engineers 35–56.Google Scholar
Çagatay, M.N., 1993 Hydrothermal alteration associated with volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits: Examples from Turkey Economic Geology 88 606–612 10.2113/gsecongeo.88.3.606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Çelik, M. Karakaya, N. and Işik, I., 1997 Investigation of the clay occurrences in Bulancak (Giresun) area Proceedings 8th National Clay Symposium; Kütahaya, Turkey Kütahaya Dumlupinar University 59–65.Google Scholar
Çelik, M. Karakaya, N. and Işik, I., 1997 Investigation of the hydrothermal clay occurrences around Ordu and Giresun Proceedings 8th National Clay Symposium; Kütahya, Turkey Kütahaya Dumlupinar University 23–31.Google Scholar
Dill, H.G. Gauert, C. Holler, G. and Marchig, V., 1992 Hydrothermal alteration and mineralisation of basalts from the spreading zone of the East Pacific Rise (7°S-23°S) Geologische Rundschau 81 717–728 10.1007/BF01791387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, C.J. and Pereira, J., 1974 Plate tectonics and mineralizations in the Tethyan region Mineralium Deposita 9 185–198 10.1007/BF00203995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, J.H., 1978 A chemical study of alteration at the Panguna porphyry copper deposits, Bougainville. Papua New Guinea Economic Geology 73 703–720 10.2113/gsecongeo.73.5.703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuji, N. Kayabali, I. and Saka, A.H., 1995 Data Book of Ceramic Raw Materials of Selected Areas in Turkey .Google Scholar
Göksü, E., 1974 Explanatory text of the geological map of Turkey at a scale of 1/500:000 (Samsun sheet), Publication of the Institute of Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara .Google Scholar
Hayashi, M., 1989 Geothermal Geology .Google Scholar
Hower, J. Eslinger, E. Hower, M. and Perry, E.A., 1976 Mechanism of burial metamorphism of argillaceous sediment I. Mineralogical and chemical evidence Geological Society of America Bulletin 87 725–737 10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<725:MOBMOA>2.0.CO;2.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A. and Velde, B., 1995 Formation of clay minerals in hydrothermal environments Origin and Mineralogy of Clays Berlin Springer 268–330 10.1007/978-3-662-12648-6_7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A. Kohyama, N. Kitagawa, R. and Watanabe, T., 1987 Chemical and morphological evidence for the conversion of smectite to illite Clays and Clay Minerals 35 111–120 10.1346/CCMN.1987.0350203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A. Utada, M. and Wakita, K., 1992 Smectite-to-illite conversion in natural hydrothermal systems Applied Clay Science 7 131–145 10.1016/0169-1317(92)90035-L.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kestler, S.E. Jones, L.M. and Walker, R.L., 1975 Intrusive rocks associated with porphyry copper mineralization in island areas Economic Geology 70 515–526 10.2113/gsecongeo.70.3.515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ketin, I., 1966 Tectonic units of Anatolia Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 66 20–34.Google Scholar
Konta, J., 1986 Textural variation and composition of bentonite derived from basaltic ash Clays and Clay Minerals 34 257–265 10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambert, I.B. and Sato, T., 1974 The Kuroko and associated ore deposits of Japan: A review of their features and me-tallogenesis Economic Geology 69 1215–1236 10.2113/gsecongeo.69.8.1215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowell, J.D. and Guilbert, J.M., 1970 Lateral and vertical alteration-mineralization zoning in porphyry ore deposits Economic Geology 65 373–408 10.2113/gsecongeo.65.4.373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mottl, M.J., 1983 Metabasalts, axial hot springs, and the structure of hydrothermal systems at midoceanic ridges Geological Society of America Bulletin 94 577–594 10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<161:MAHSAT>2.0.CO;2.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadeau, P.H. Farmer, V.C. McHardy, W.J. and Bain, D.C., 1985 Compositional variations of the Unterrupsroth beidellite American Mineralogist 70 1004–1010.Google Scholar
Peccerillo, A. and Taylor, S.R., 1975 Geochemistry of Upper Cretaceous volcanic rocks from The Pontic Chain, Northern Turkey Bulletin Volcanologique 39 1–13 10.1007/BF02596976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ossaka, J. Otsuka, N. Hirabayashi, J.I. Okada, K. and Soga, H., 1987 Synthesis of minamiite, Ca0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Monatshefte 2 49–63.Google Scholar
Schneider, H.J. Özgür, N. and Palacious, C.M., 1988 Relationship between alteration rare earth element distribution and mineralization of the Murgul copper deposit, north-eastern Turkey Economic Geology 83 1238–1246 10.2113/gsecongeo.83.6.1238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şengör, A.M.C. and Yilmaz, Y., 1981 Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach Tectonophysics 75 181–241 10.1016/0040-1951(81)90275-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srodon, J. Elsass, E. McHardy, W.J. and Morgan, D.J., 1992 Chemistry of illite-smectite inferred from TEM measurements of fundamentals particles Clay Minerals 27 137–158 10.1180/claymin.1992.027.2.01.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, H.P., 1974 The application of oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies to problems of hydrothermal alteration and ore deposition Economic Geology 69 843–883 10.2113/gsecongeo.69.6.843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Temel, A. and Gündogdu, N.M., 1996 Zeolite occurrences and the erionite-mesothelioma relationship in Cappadocia, Central Anatolia, Turkey Mineralium Deposita 31 539–547 10.1007/BF00196134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Temel, A. Gündogdu, N.M. and Gourgaud, A., 1998 Petrological and geochemical characteristics of Cenozoic high-K calcalkaline volcanism in Konya, Central Anatolia, Turkey Journal of Volcanology & Geothermal Research 85 327–354 10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00062-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urabe, T., 1987 Kuroko deposits modeling based on magmatic hydrothermal theory Mining Geology 37 159–176.Google Scholar
Urabe, T. Scott, S.D. and Hattori, K., 1983 A comparison of footwall-rock alteration and geothermal systems beneath some Japanese and Canadian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits Economic Geology Monograph 5 507–522.Google Scholar
Utada, M., 1980 Hydrothermal alteration related to igneous activity in Cretaceous and Neogene Formations of Japan Mining Geology 8 67–83.Google Scholar
Von Damm, K.L. Edmond, J.M. Measures, C.I. and Grant, B., 1985 Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at Guaymas basin, Gulf of California Geochimica et Cos-mochimica Acta 49 2221–2238 10.1016/0016-7037(85)90223-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, C.E., 1989 Clays, Muds, and Shales: Developments in Sedimentology, Volume 44 Amsterdam Elsevier.Google Scholar
Wilson, M.J. and Wilson, M.J., 1987 X-ray powder diffraction methods A Handbook of Determinative Methods in Clay Mineralogy New York Blackie 26–99.Google Scholar
Wirsching, U. Ehn, R. Höller, H. Klammer, D. and Sitte, W., 1990 Studies on hydrothermal alteration by acid so-lutions dominated by SO4 2-: Formation of the alteration of the Gleichenberg latitic rock (Styria, Austria)-Experimental evidence Mineralogy and Petrology 41 81–103 10.1007/BF01168489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar