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Duality of Responsibility in International Law: The Individual, the State, and International Crimes. By Thomas Weatherall. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2022. 367 + xxxiv pages.

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Duality of Responsibility in International Law: The Individual, the State, and International Crimes. By Thomas Weatherall. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2022. 367 + xxxiv pages.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2024

Sotirios-Ioannis Lekkas
Sotirios-Ioannis Lekkas*
Affiliation:
Lecturer in International Law, School of Law, University of Sheffield [email protected]
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Canadian Yearbook of International Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international , First View , pp. 1 - 6
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© The Canadian Yearbook of International Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 2024

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References

1 International Criminal Court (ICC), “Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim AA Khan, KC: Applications for Arrest Warrants in the Situation in the State of Palestine” (20 May 2024). The content of the applications remains confidential.

2 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v Israel), Provisional Measures, Order of 24 May 2024, [2024] ICJ Rep n.p., online: <www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240524-ord-01-00-en.pdf>; Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 9 December 1948, [1949] Can TS no 27 (entered into force 12 January 1951).

3 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v Myanmar: 7 States Intervening), “Application Instituting Proceedings from The Gambia” (11 November 2019), online: <www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/178/178-20191111-APP-01-00-EN.pdf>; Situation in the People’s Republic of Bangladesh/Republic of the Union of Myanmar, ICC-01/19-27, Decision Pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute on the Authorisation of an Investigation into the Situation in the People’s Republic of Bangladesh/Republic of the Union of Myanmar (14 November 2019).

4 Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v Russian Federation), Merits, [2024] ICJ Rep n.p., online: <www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20240131-jud-01-00-en.pdf>; Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v Russian Federation), “Application Instituting Proceedings from Ukraine” (26 February 2022), online: <www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/182/182-20220227-APP-01-00-EN.pdf>; ICC, “Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges Issue Arrest Warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova,” Registry (17 March 2023); ICC, “Situation in Ukraine: ICC Judges Issue Arrest Warrants against Sergei Ivanovich Kobylash and Viktor Nikolayevich Sokolov,” Registry (5 March 2024); ICC, “Situation in Ukraine: ICC Judges Issue Arrest Warrants against Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu and Valery Vasilyevich Gerasimov,” Registry (25 June 2024). The content of the arrest warrants remains confidential.

5 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v Serbia and Montenegro), Merits, [2007] ICJ Rep 43 [Bosnia Genocide]; Application of the Convention for the Prevention and Suppression of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v Serbia), Merits, [2015] ICJ Rep 3 [Croatia Genocide]. See e.g. Milošević (Slobodan), IT-02-54-T, Amended Indictment (22 November 2002); Perišić, IT-04-81-A, Final Judgment (28 February 2013).

6 See e.g. International Law Commission, “Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with Commentaries” (2001) 2:2 ILC Yearbook 31, commentary to art 58, para 3 [ARSIWA].

7 Bosnia Genocide, supra note 5 at para 173.

8 Croatia Genocide, supra note 5 at para 129.

9 Weatherall, Thomas, Duality of Responsibility: The Individual, the State, and International Crimes (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2022)CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 31. See also e.g. André Nollkaemper, “Concurrence between Individual Responsibility and State Responsibility in International Law” (2003) 52 ICLQ 615 at 618–19; Bonafè, Beatrice, The Relationship between State and Individual Responsibility for International Crimes (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 239–43.

10 Weatherall, supra note 9 at 3.

11 Ibid at 6.

12 Ibid at xviii.

13 Ibid at 36.

14 Ibid at 58–62.

15 Ibid at 286–89.

16 Ibid at 207–28, 290–95, 307–10.

17 Ibid at 303.

18 See e.g. ICC Assembly of States Parties, Understandings Regarding the Amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on the Crime of Aggression, Doc RC/Res.6 (11 June 2010) at paras 4–5, Annex III; ILC, “Report of the International Law Commission on Its Sixty-ninth Session” (2017) 2:2 ILC Yearbook 2 at 122, 127–28.

19 Weatherall, supra note 9 at 6 (quoted in full in the text accompanying note 11).

20 Ibid at 335–44.

21 See e.g. Quirico, Ottavio, International ‘Criminal’ Responsibility (London: Routledge, 2019)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, ch 2.

22 ARSIWA, supra note 6, art 2.

23 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 17 July 1998, Can TS 2002 No 13 (entered into force 1 July 2002), art 25(3) [Rome Statute].

24 Weatherall, supra note 9 at 4, 29.

25 Ibid at 84–85.

26 Ibid at 31.

27 Ibid at 129 (“this limited practice does not indicate deviation in applicable standards of proof”).

28 Ibid at 85.

29 See e.g. van Sliedregt, Elies, Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)Google Scholar at 157–71. On the connection between “leadership modalities” and the crime of aggression, see Ambos, Kai, Treatise on International Criminal Law, vol 2 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 205.

30 Weatherall, supra note 9 at 202–07, 339.

31 Riccardo Pisillo-Mazzeschi, “The Due Diligence Rule and the Nature of the International Responsibility of States” (1992) 35 German Yearbook Intl L 9 at 21.

32 Weatherall, supra note 9 at 83–84, 110. See also ARSIWA, supra note 6, commentary to art 2, paras 3, 10.

33 ARSIWA, supra note 6, arts 16(a), 17(a), 18(b).

34 Weatherall, supra note 9 at 171–73.

35 Ibid at 173.

36 See e.g. Jackson, Miles, Complicity in International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lanovoy, Vladyslav, Complicity and Its Limits in the Law of International Responsibility (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2016)Google Scholar.

37 Anne Orford, ‘In Praise of Description’ (2012) 25 LJIL 609 at 625.

38 Weatherall, supra note 9 at 341.

39 Ibid at 231–37.

40 See e.g. Bemba Gombo, ICC-01/05-01/08-3653, Final Decision on the Reparation Proceedings (3 August 2018) at para 3.

41 Rome Statute, supra note 23, art 75; ARSIWA, supra note 6, commentary to art 58, para 2.

42 Weatherall, Thomas, Jus Cogens: International Law and Social Contract (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar at 276–85.