1 Bell, David and Tepperman, Lome, The Roots of Disunity: A Look at Canadian Political Culture (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1979);Google ScholarChristian, William, “On Rod Preece's ‘The Anglo-Saxon Conservative Tradition,’ this JOURNAL 13 (1980), 785–86;Google ScholarClark, S. D., Canadian Society in Historical Perspective (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1976);Google ScholarGrant, George, Lament for a Nation (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1965);Google ScholarHartz, Louis (ed.), The Founding of New Societies (New York: Harcourt and Brace, 1964);Google ScholarHorowitz, Gad, “Conservatism, Liberalism and Socialism in Canada: An Interpretation,” Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 32 (1966), 143–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and “Notes on ‘Conservatism, Liberalism and Socialism in Canada,’this JOURNAL 11(1978), 383–400;Google ScholarMartin, SeymourLipset, , The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Basic Books, 1963)Google Scholar, Revolution and Counterrevolution (New York: Basic Books, 1968)Google ScholarPubMed, and “Radicalism in North America: A Comparative View of the Party System in Canada and the United States,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 4(1976), 19–55;Google ScholarPreece, Rod, “The Anglo-Saxon Conservative Tradition.” this JOURNAL 13 (1980), 3–32;Google ScholarTruman, Tom, “A Critique of Seymour Martin Lipset‘s Article ’Value Differences Absolute or Relative: The English Speaking Democracies,’” this JOURNAL 4 (1971), 497–525;Google ScholarUnderhill, Frank, In Search of Canadian Liberalism (Toronto: Macmillan, 1960).Google Scholar

2 Horowitz, , “Conservatism, Liberalism and Socialism,” 55–66.Google Scholar

3 Lipset, “Radicalism in North America,” 52.

4 Preece, , “The Anglo-Saxon Conservative Tradition,” 3–15.Google Scholar

5 Horowitz, , “Conservatism, Liberalism and Socialism,” 59.Google Scholar

6 Grant, , Lament for a Nation, 71.Google Scholar

7 Horowitz, , “Conservatism, Liberalism and Socialism,” 61.Google Scholar

8 Ibid., 51.

9 Given the depth of the nonquantitative scholarship there are remarkably few empirical studies explicitly designed to compare values in the Canadian and American publics. For one attempt to test comparative propositions drawn from the nonquantitative literature, see Craig Crawford and James Curtis, “English Canadian-American Differences in Value Orientations: Survey Comparisons Bearing on Lipset's Thesis.” Srudies in Comparative International Development 14 (1979), 23–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

10 Both surveys are segments of a larger study, the Cross-National Equality Project, directed by Sidney Verba, Harvard University.

11 Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Chicago, Wisconsin, Indiana, Stanford, Berkeley, Rice and Duke.

12 As in the US case, the Canadian samples were selected randomly from lists generated by registrars' offices at each university.

13 See Truman, , “A Critique,” 525;Google Scholar Seymour Martin Lipset, “Revolution and Counterrevolution—Some Comments at a Conference Analyzing the Bicentennial of a Celebrated North American Divorce,” in Preston, Richard (ed), Perspectives on Revolution and Evolution (Durham: Duke University Press, 1979), 39Google Scholar, and Horowitz, “Notes,” 384–90.

14 Truman, , “A Critique.”Google Scholar

15 Francois-Pierre, Gingras, and Nevitte, Neil, “La Révolution en plan et le paradigme en cause,” this JOURNAL 16 (1983), 691–716.Google Scholar

16 For example, McRae sees the situation of French Canada as “one of genuine indeterminacy,” whereas Truman speculates that the Quiet Revolution made French Quebeckers “more like English Canadians" (McRae, "The Structure of Canadian History,” in Hartz, [ed.], The Founding of New Societies, 274:Google ScholarTruman, , “A Critique,” 525).Google Scholar

17 Converse, Philip E., “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics,” in Apter, David (ed.), Ideology and Discontent (New York: Free Press, 1964).Google Scholar

18 Klingemann, Hans D., “The Background of Ideological Conceptualization,”Google Scholar in Barnes, Samuel, Kaase, Max, et al., Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979), 255–78.Google Scholar

19 See Inglehart, Ronald and Klingemann, Hans D., “Party Identification, Ideological Preference, and the Left-Right Dimension Among Western Publics,”Google Scholar in Budge, Ian, et al., Party Identification and Beyond (New York: Wiley, 1976), 226–42;Google ScholarLafferty, William M. and Knutsen, Oddbjorn, “Leftist and Rightist Ideology in a Social Democratic State: An Analysis of Norway in the Midst of the Conservative Resurgence,” British Journal of Political Science 14 (1985), 345–67;CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Sani, Giacomo, “A Test of the Least Distance Model of Voting Choice in Italy, 1972,” Comparative Political Studies 7 (1974), 206–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

20 For example, Lambert, Ronald D., “Question Design, Response Set and the Measurement of Left/Right Thinking in Survey Research,” this JOURNAL 14 (1983), 135–44;Google Scholar also Ogmundson, R. L., “A Note on the Ambiguous Meanings of Survey Research Measures which use the words ‘Left' and ‘Right,’” this JOURNAL 12 (1979), 799–805.Google Scholar We should point out that our primary interest is not in the left-right scale itself but in the linkage between location on the left-right scale and orientations to a range of substantive issues. To the extent that we are examining the predictive capacity of the left-right scale on other issues in those samples, the following analysis can be seen as a further test of the comparative utility of the left-right scale for an elite sample.

21 Zipp, John F., “Left-Right Dimensions of Canadian Federal Party Identification: A Discriminant Analysis,” this JOURNAL 11 (1978), 251–78.Google Scholar

22 See Clarke, Harold D., “Ideological Self-Perceptions of Provincial Legislators,” this JOURNAL 11 (1978), 251–78;Google ScholarKornberg, Allan, Mishler, William and Smith, Joel, “Political Elite and Mass Perceptions of Party Location in Issue Space: Some Tests of Two Positions,” British Journal of Political Science 5 (1975), 153–77;CrossRefGoogle ScholarFinlay, David J., Simon, Douglas W. and Wilson, L. A., “The Concept of Left and Right in Cross National Research,” Comparative Political Studies 2 (1970), 201–21;Google ScholarLaponce, Jean, “In Search of Stable Elements of the Left-Right Landscape,” Comparative Politics 4 (1972), 455–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar, “A Note on the Use of the Left-Right Dimension,” Comparative Political Studies 2 (1970), 481–502CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Left and Right: The Topography of Political Perceptions (Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1981).Google Scholar

23 The difficulty of interpretation of left and right for the general population is usually revealed by low response rates to left/right questions. Here, the nonresponse rates are not unusually high and are significantly lower than those reported for surveys of general populations which use similarly worded questions. See Meisel, John, Working Papers on Canadian Politics (2nd ed.; Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 1975), 68–72;Google ScholarButler, David and Stokes, Donald, Political Change in Britain (New York: St. Martinis Press, 1971), 208–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

24 Lipset, “Revolution and Counterrevolution-Some Comments,” 39.

25 For an analysis of neoconservative sentiment among Canadian university students, see Neil Nevitte and RogerGibbins, “Neo-conservatism: Canadian Variations on an Ideological Theme,” Canadian Public Policy 10 (1984), 384–94.Google Scholar

26 Grant, Lament for a Nation, 71.

27 Horowitz, “Conservatism, Liberalism and Socialism,” 49.

28 Lipset, “Revolution and Counterrevolution—Some Comments,” 35.

29 Ibid., 37. The reference is to Robert Presthus, Elite Accommodation in Canadian Politics (Toronto: Macmillan, 1974).Google Scholar

30 The utility of distinguishing between social and economic dimensions of the left-right scale has been pointed out elsewhere. See Ogmundson, R. L., “On the Measurement of Party Class Positions:Google Scholar The Case of Canadian Federal Political Parties,” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 12 (1975), 565–76;Google Scholar and Zipp, “Left-Right Dimensions,” 275.

31 Lipset, “Revolution and Counterrevolution—Some Comments,” 37.

32 Compare, Grant, Lament for a Nation, 71.

33 When the analysis in Table 4 was replicated using unstandardized b's there was no substantial change found in the pattern of values for the Pearson product moment coefficients.

34 Gibbins, Roger, Regionalism: Territorial Politics in Canada and the United States (Toronto: Butterworths, 1982).Google Scholar

35 These differences were confirmed by a factor analysis of the 12 variables embraced by Figure 2. For all three samples, only a single factor emerged with an eigenvalue greater than one. (In total, two factors emerged in the US analysis, three in the English-Canadian analysis, and five in the French Quebec analysis.) This factor explained 90 per cent of the variance across the 12 variables for the US respondents, whereas for English-Canadian and French Quebec respondents a nearly identical factor explained 72 per cent and 55 per cent of the variance, respectively.