Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T08:44:24.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A ‘Minefield of Misreckonings’: Europe’s Constitutional Pluralism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2017

Abstract

The paper is a critique of ‘constitutional pluralism’, as increasingly called upon to compensate for the social and democratic deficits of the European project, and of ‘constitutionalisation’ as compensating for the absence of any semblance of ‘constituent power’ at the European level. The substitution has been largely successful in redefining the terms of the debate. My interest in this paper, more specifically, is with constitutionalisation as a process of ‘becoming-constitutional’, the conditions of that process, and the criteria of ascription of constitutionality. My argument is that it involves a constitutive coupling with constitutional pluralism, such that allows even the current crisis to be portrayed as an ‘opportunity’ for Europe’s alleged ‘social market economy for the 21st century’ to ‘come out stronger’, its progress at no point obstructed or derailed by the peoples’ of Europe resistance to it.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Centre for European Legal Studies, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Anderson, P, The New Old World (New York and London, Verso, 2009) 88 Google Scholar.

2 See: Luhmann, N, Social Systems (Stanford, Calif, Stanford University Press, 1995)Google Scholar esp ch 2.

3 As in Teubner, G, Constitutional Fragments: Societal Constitutionalism and Globalization (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 The language of comparative advantage refers here to the recent Laval/Viking jurisprudence of the ECJ, in which the ‘unprotecting’ of labour was largely discussed and defended according to such a logic. See section VII below.

5 He adds: ‘Papandreou’s humiliation at the Cannes G20 summit of Nov 3—unprecedented for a European leader—was the logical consequence of this false, although undeniably overdue, democratic naivety.’ ( Kouvelakis, S, ‘The Greek Cauldron’ (2011) 72 New Left Review 17–32, 25Google Scholar).

6 See esp: Giandomenico Majone’s seminal work and for the shift compare Majone, G, Regulating Europe (London, Routledge, 1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Majone, G, Europe as a Would-be World Power (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 Müller, JW, Contesting Democracy: Political Ideas in Twentieth-century Europe (New Haven, Conn, Yale University Press, 2011)Google Scholar.

8 Müller, JW,’Beyond Militant Democracy?’ (2012) 73 New Left Review 40 Google Scholar.

9 See: Majone, Regulating Europe (n 5).

10 Habermas, J and Luhmann, N, Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie: Was leistet die Systemforschung? (Frankfurt, Suhrkamp, 1971)Google Scholar.

11 Rogowski, R and Turner, C, The Shape of the New Europe (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 Habermas, J, Ach Europa. Kleine politische Schriften XL (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 2008)Google Scholar, which appeared in English in 2009 as Habermas, J, Europe: A Faltering Project (Cambridge, Polity, 2009)Google Scholar enhanced with three important essays.

13 Habermas, J, Zur Verfassung Europas: Ein Essay (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp, 2011)Google Scholar.

14 Anderson, P, ‘After the Event’ (2012) 73 New Left Review 47–60, 51Google Scholar.

15 Ibid, 52.

16 In Habermas, Zur Verfassung Europas (n 13) 77.

17 Maduro, M, ‘The Importance of being Called a Constitution: Constitutional Authority and the Authority of Constitutionalism’ (2005) 3 International Journal of Constitutional Law 332, 336CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

18 See C Thornhill, ‘The Many Books about the Many Constitutions of Europe’ (2012) Social & Legal Studies.

19 N MacCormick, ‘Beyond the Sovereign State’ (1993) Modern Law Review 1.

20 MacCormick, N, Questioning Sovereignty (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

21 See Hyman, R, ‘Flexible Rigidities: A Model for Social Europe?’ in Alonso, LE and Lucio, M Martínez (eds), Employment Relations in a Changing Society: Assessing the Post Fordist Paradigm (London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006) 215–22Google Scholar.

22 Walker, N, ‘Multi-level Constitutionalism: Looking beyond the German Debate’ in Tuori, K and Sankari, S (eds), The Many Constitutions of Europe (Farnham, Ashgate, 2010) 144 Google Scholar.

23 Ibid, 145.

24 Pernice now urges ‘a more pragmatic approach, a purely technocratic improvement of the primary role of the EU by simply amending the existing founding treaties’ as the ‘European way of salvaging the Constitution of Europe’. Quoted in Kuo, MS, ‘From Myth to Fiction’ (2009) 29/3 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 579, 581CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

25 Walker, N, ‘The Idea of Constitutional Pluralism’ (2002) 65 Modern Law Review 317 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

26 Ibid, 339–40.

27 See Walker, ‘The Idea of Constitutional Pluralism’ (n 25); Walker, N, ‘Postnational Constitutionalism and the Problem of Translation’ in Weiler, J and Wind, M (eds), Constitutionalism Beyond the State (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003) 27–54 Google Scholar; Walker, N, ‘The Migration of Constitutional Ideas and the Migration of the Constitutional Idea’ in Choudry, S (ed), The Migration of Constitutional Ideas (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007) 316–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Walker, N, ‘Taking Constitutionalism beyond the State’ (2008) 56 Political Studies 519–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Walker, ‘Multi-level Constitutionalism’ (n 22).

28 Walker, , ‘Multi-level Constitutionalism’ (n 22) 149 Google Scholar.

29 Walker, , ‘Multi-level Constitutionalism’ (n 22) 152 Google Scholar.

30 Walker, , ‘Multi-level Constitutionalism’ (n 22) 152 Google Scholar.

31 Walker, , ‘Multi-level Constitutionalism’ (n 22) 152 Google Scholar.

32 Walker, , ‘Multi-level Constitutionalism’ (n 22) 152 Google Scholar.

33 Walker, , ‘Multi-level Constitutionalism’ (n 22) 160 Google Scholar.

34 This is distinctly different an approach to the relation between concept and conception to that provided by Wittgenstein’s concept of ‘family resemblances’. The introduction of the latter allows a certain loosening of the hold of the ‘concept’ over the ‘conceptions’, or the general category over its concretisations, since it is no longer the case that the former (‘concept’) sets the necessary and sufficient conditions that need to obtain for the inclusion of the latter (‘conceptions’) under its ambit. For an analysis of Wittgenstein’s notion see Mulhall, S, Inheritance and Originality (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001)Google Scholar. With ‘family resemblances’, no set of features need to be shared by all instances: instead ‘overlapping resemblances pass from one case to another via intermediate cases’ (p 84). The notion relies on their being a significant overlap between cases where the criteria of what can be deemed significant need not meet any closed list of conditions.

35 Polanyi, K, The Great Transformation (Boston, Mass, Beacon Press, 1944)Google Scholar.

36 Scharpf, FW, ‘The European Social Model: Coping with the Challenges of Diversity’ (2002) 40 Journal of Common Market Studies 645, 645–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

37 See Joerges, C, ‘Will the Welfare State Survive European Integration?’ (2011) 1 European Journal of Social Law 4 Google Scholar.

38 Amongst the best here: Giubboni, S, Social Rights and Market Freedom in the European Constitution: a Labour Law Perspective (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Joerges, C, ‘What is Left of the European Economic Constitution? A Melancholic Eulogy’ (2005) 30 European Law Review 461–89Google Scholar; Streit, ME and Mussler, W, ‘The Economic Constitution of the European Community: From Rome to Maastricht’ (1995) 1 European law Journal 5–30 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

39 Joerges, , ‘What is Left’ (n 38) 468 Google Scholar.

40 Connected principally with the Weimar lawyer Hugo Sinzheimer; see Dukes, R, ‘Constitutionalising Employment Relations: Sinzheimer, Kahn-Freund and the Role of Labour Law’ (2008) 25 Journal of Law and Society 341 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

41 Scharpf, FW, Crisis and Choice in European Social Democracy (Ithaca, Cornell, 1991) 274 Google Scholar.

42 Joerges, , ‘Will the Welfare State Survive European Integration?’ (n 37) 8 Google Scholar.

43 Joerges, , ‘Will the Welfare State Survive European Integration?’ (n 37) 10 Google Scholar.

44 Hyman, R, ‘Trade Unions and the Politics of the European social model’ (2005) 26 Economic and Industrial Democracy 9–40, 29CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

45 Supiot, A, Homo Juridicus (London, Verso, 2008)Google Scholar; Supiot, A, L’esprit de la Philadelphie: la justice social face au marché total (Paris, Seuil, 2010)Google Scholar.

46 See, chiefly: Cappelletti, M, M Seccombe and Weiler, J (eds), Integration through Law(Berlin, de Gruyter, 1986)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

47 See Cahill, M, ‘European Integration and European Constitutionalism: Consonances and Dissonances’ in Augenstein, D (ed), ‘Integration through Law’ Revisited: The Making of the European Polity (Farnham, Ashgate, 2012)Google Scholar.

48 Ronald Dworkin’s influence in the field has been significant.

49 Augenstein, , ‘Integration through Law’ Revisited (n 47) 3 Google Scholar.

50 Compare here Foucault’s insightful analysis on this point in his 1978/9 lectures at the Collège de France: Foucault, M, The Birth of Biopolitics (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004)Google Scholar.

51 Majone, , Europe as a Would-be World Power (n 6) 128 Google Scholar.

52 Joerges, , ‘Will the Welfare State Survive’ (n 37) 4 Google Scholar.

53 Joerges, , ‘Will the Welfare State Survive’ (n 37) 14 Google Scholar.

54 Majone, , Europe as a Would-be World Power (n 6) 205ffGoogle Scholar.

55 Joerges, , ‘Will the Welfare State Survive’ (n 37) 17 Google Scholar.

56 Supiot, A, ‘Under Eastern Eyes’ (2012) 73 New Left Review 29, 35Google Scholar.

57 B Kingsbury, ‘The Concept of Law in Global Administrative Law’ (2009) European Journal of International Law 23–25, 32.

58 Thornhill, ‘The Many Books about the Many Constitutions of Europe’ (n 18).

59 Weiler, J, A Constitution for Europe (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999) 8 Google Scholar.

60 Elsewhere, Weiler: ‘Mystery, mist and mirrors notwithstanding, one thing has always seemed clear: that the community and union were about “laying the foundations of an ever closer union of the people of Europe.” Not the creation of one people, but the union of many.’ (quoted in Rogowski, R and Turner, C, The Shape of the New Europe (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006) 7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

61 Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, A, ‘When “no” Means “yes”: A Constitution for Europe and the Limits of Ignorance’ in Petersen, H et al (eds), Paradoxes of European Legal Integration (Aldershot, Ashgate, 2008) 38 Google Scholar.

62 Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, , ‘When “no” Means “yes”’ (n 61) 44 Google Scholar.

63 Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, , ‘When “no” Means “yes”’ (n 61) 43 Google Scholar.