Plastic pollution is central to policy and public debates about anthropogenic damage to the environment. Negotiations for an international binding treaty to end plastic pollution provide a timely opportunity to analyse peer-reviewed papers concerning public perceptions of plastic pollution (n = 39). These focused on the impact of plastic pollution solely on the marine ecosystem, single-use plastics, barriers to recycling and risks of microplastics. Research studies explored public perceptions of ‘plastic pollution’, ‘marine plastic litter’, ‘marine plastic pollution’ and ‘plastic marine debris’. These terms are not interchangeable and frame the problem. Awareness links to media representations and personal ‘choices’ are limited by lack of options (extended producer responsibility schemes). There was limited discussion of reducing the aggregate global volume of plastics produced. Future research could explore perceptions of risk (toxic chemicals, bioplastics) plastics and climate change or plastics and global biodiversity loss (beyond turtles). The social meaning of plastics, the heterogeneity of audiences and the role of media in framing risks can help inform plastics-related policy. Social Sciences and media scholars are well placed to unpack the socio-cultural context in which plastics are intertwined in people’s everyday lives and how social meanings of plastics may change in response to global crises.

Although studies suggest that wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are the main pathway for plastics into receiving waters, studies on the origin and fate of plastics entering WWTPs are imprecise and largely unexplored. The analysis of plastics in samples from WWTPs is also a relatively young and growing field compared with the marine environment. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that plastics are not uniformly distributed in WWTPs due to environmental factors and the inherent properties of plastics. Accordingly, this review article attempts to describe the current state of knowledge on plastic pollution in WWTPs and identify future research areas. In particular, this study describes the sources of plastics entering WWTPs and the analytical techniques used for the occurrence and properties of plastics in WWTPs. It also defines the role of these plastics as a possible source of microplastics and discusses the problems they can cause in WWTPs. The factors that can influence the variations in the number of plastics are defined. Furthermore, the policy needs for managing plastic pollution as a contribution to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are assessed.