The following is a summary of the conclusions arrived at in the foregoing paper:—

(1) the species sinensis, barbirostris, umbrosus, albotaeniatus and asiatica have been considered valid;

(2) the species vanus, annularis, minutus, paeditaeniatus and separatus have been rejected as invalid;

(3) certain new characters of the valid species have been noticed;

(4) the descriptions of the species have been revised;

(5) the genus Patagiamyia has been rejected, as also the genus Lophoscelomyia, both having been included in the genus Myzorhynchus;

(6) it is suggested that the Myzorhynchus group forms a series sufficiently distinct from other Anophelines to make it advisable to give it a separate generic title.

The principal object of my visit to Antigua, during December 1912, was to study an outbreak of the twig borer of limes which had been reported by the Superintendent of Agriculture from two localities in the island.

At the time of my visit, owing to recent pruning, there were only occasionally infested branches to be seen, but these were in sufficient number to enable me to form a very good opinion of the nature of the attack and of the general habits of the insect.

The attack on a lime branch apparently always begins on a small twig. I am not able to say whether the twig on or in which the egg is laid is dead or dying at the time of egg-laying ; but in every instance of attack observed by me, both in the field and in specimens forwarded, the twig has been found entirely eaten out, the dead interior connecting with the tunnel in the larger branch from which the twig springs. This branch is always more or less girdled by the tunnel of the grub. The girdling seems to be the first thing done by the grub after completing the destruction of the smaller twig and it results in the death of the branch beyond the point of the girdle. The tunnel does not circle the twig in such a manner as to cut it off completely, but the direction is rather in a spiral, so that as the injury to the branch becomes more and more felt, it breaks down and is usually left hanging. The entire grub and pupa stages are passed within this branch, the adult beetle only issuing from the dead branch some time after emerging from its pupal condition.

This paper deals with a number of Coccids which have been forwarded through the Imperial Bureau of Entomology from the following countries: The Dutch West Indies, Barbados, British Guiana, Zanzibar, Uganda, Nyasaland, and Nigeria. Five species are herein described as new to science, the others, for the most part, are Avell-known pests affecting cultivated plants in various parts of the world.

During the past few months a large amount of Coccid material has been submitted to me for identification through the Imperial Bureau of Entomology. A large proportion of the species came from Uganda where they were collected by the Government Entomologist, Mr. C. C. Gowdey ; smaller collections were also received from other parts of Africa, including Zanzibar ; and from Barbados from Mr. John R. Bovell, Superintendent of Agriculture. Nearly all of the new species which have so far come to hand are described in this paper ; and records and descriptions of other species are also given where it has been thought desirable to do so.

Our knowledge of the Aphididae of Africa is as yet very limited, this important group of insects having been but little studied, except in Europe and North America. At present only thirty-five species are recorded for the whole African continent, about the number one can collect in a single afternoon in one's own garden in England. It will be noticed that several common European species are recorded, and that they are as destructive in Africa as in Europe, such as the Common Cabbage Aphis (A. brassicae) and the Ribes and Lettuce Aphis (Rhopalosiphum lactucae). Several others occur which have a world-wide distribution, such as the Black Peach Aphis (Aphis persicae), and the Woolly Aphis (Eriosoma lanigerum), doubtless having been distributed on nursery stock, the former as ova and the latter as adults. Fuller has reported destroying and fumigating strawberry plants attacked by Aphis sent from Europe, and Lounsbury records the presence of Apple Aphis eggs on imported stock. Undoubtedly these insects are constantly being distributed from country to country with imported plants, trees and shrubs.

The following observations were made during eighteen days spent at Tokar in October and November, 1912. Only a limited amount of time could be given to the work of searching for the breeding places of sandflies, but it is thought that possibly these very brief notes may be of some interest to those engaged in similar research elsewhere.

The town of Tokar is situated about eighteen miles from the port of Trinkitat on the Red Sea and some fifty-eight miles south-east of Suakin. It is the centre of a cotton-growing area comprising between 30,000 and 40,000 acres watered by the flood-river (or khor) Baraka. This khor comes down in flood during the months of July and August and spreads over the plain. As soon as the land is dry enough it is cleaned and almost the whole of it sown to cotton. A few heavy rainstorms usually occur during the months of October, November and December, and cotton picking extends from the latter month till May. The soil is alluvial, and on drying cracks vertically to a depth of several feet, and also horizontally, forming shale-like plates of varying thicknesses. There are scarcely any trees and only a moderate number of low bushes.

It has been pointed out by Graham* that measures designed to bring about the destruction of mosquito larvae may be divided into (a) measures intended to destroy the larvae, and (b) measures intended to destroy their food supply. He points out that very little attention has been paid to the second method, which entails an exact knowledge of the freshwater algae. Graham found that the suspended matter in water in which the larvae of Pyretophorus costalis were breeding could be precipitated by the addition of 3 per cent, of common salt, and that then the larvae became cannibalistic and destroyed one another. He considered that this phenomenon was due to the larvae being deprived of their natural food, the algae, which had been destroyed by the addition of salt. “In lesser concentration,” he concluded, “salt appears to inhibit the growth of very young larvae, probably by diminishing the supply of food, but the development of fully-grown larvae appears to be hastened in a hypertonic medium, and they pass into and through the pupal stage with unusual rapidity.”

Dr. Horvath has recorded the fact that the bed-bug described under the various names, hemiptera, rotundata, macrocephala and horrifer, are all the same species, and that this insect must be termed hemiptera, as that is the oldest name. The insect iu question is widely distributed over the tropics of both the Old and New World. The type specimen is still preserved in the Copenhagen Museum, and through the kindness of the authorities there I have recently been able to examine it, and can confirm Dr. Horvath's views. The type example of Clinocoris foedus, Stal, which was described from an example taken in Columbia, is in the Stockholm Museum, and was also submitted to me. This insect differs from hemiptera by having the lateral margin of the pronotum slightly but distinctly explanate and curved upwards. Whether this character is due to the shrinkage of the example, or whether it is really there, it is impossible to tell. In any case, should foedus, Stal, utimately prove to be the same as hemiptera, the name would simply form one more synonym of this species, though in all probability, when more material is discovered, foedus will be shown to be a distinct species.

The following is a description of a modified and improved form of the store-box described by Mr. H. Maxwell-Lefroy in Parasitology, vol. iv, p. 174 :—

In Khartoum, where the shade temperature is sometimes 116° F., boxes of the type in use at Pusa were found to be unsuitable. The tops and bottoms of many of them split, while the paraffin wax became too soft to hold the cork carpet in position. The type of box which I am now using and which is proving very reliable, differs from the Pusa box in two respects. Instead of being made entirely of teak, the top and bottom are of three-ply wood, and the cork carpet instead of being bedded in paraffin wax is held in position by glue. In all other respects it resembles the Pusa box, the cork carpet being enamelled white above and covered with a mixture of 80 per cent. paraffin wax (melting point 136° F.) and 20 per cent. naphthaline, melted and run in when the glue has become firm.

Clear pale lemon yellow. The antenna with the 4th to 9th joints very pale grey. Third joint very small, a little longer than broad, about half the length of the second joint. Fourth joint rather slender, the length of the 2nd and 3rd taken together. The fifth about one-quarter shorter, about the same width. The 6th, 7th and 8th subequal, about the same length as the 5th but rather broader. Wings hyaline, with a very slight shadow below the vein, very nearly nine times as long as the greatest width (·525 × ·06 mm., approximately). Marginal cilia moderately strong, the longest ·132 mm. There is a line of hairs running along the middle of the wing from the apex of the vein to near the apex of the wing ; between this and the front margin there is another line of about twelve hairs, rather irregular, and there are a few hairs irregularly placed in the apical area. Between the central line and the hind margin there is an irregular line of about eight hairs, but they are not the same on both wings. Hind wings free from surface hairs, except three or four at the extreme apex. The posterior cilia moderately stout, except the first three or four, the longest about ·1 mm.

The following paper gives a list of those insects of economic importance which have been collected or bred from various crops in Nyasaland during the first three months of the planting season 1911–12 and the whole of the season 1912–13. No attempt has been made to describe the various species mentioned, but their actual economic importance is stated in each case, so far a3 it has been possible to ascertain it during so short a period. All insects have been included as pests which have been found to feed en any particular crop in sufficient numbers to justify their inclusion in that, category. In many cases the actual damage done may be slight, but at any time one or all of those species which feed regularly on crops may assume the position of dangerous pests, and so insects of apparently minor importance are included with those of definite and proved powers of destruction. The insects of first-class importance, which annually inflict heavy losses on the planters, are ten in number. These ten are confined to cotton, tobacco and maize, of which cotton is the worst sufferer, since it is attacked by a greater variety of insects than any other crop that has come under the writer's notice. Except where the contrary is specially mentioned, insects included in this paper are from the Shire Highlands.

Thorax slate-grey, pattern indistinguishable; scutellum with two dark triangular areas which are contiguous at their upper inner angles. Abdomen with the darker blotches on each side of the second segment very faint ; on the other segments the banding is not a prominent feature, as it is in the typical form; the bands olive-grey, their margins being distinct and defined from the ground-colour, which is a few shades lighter. In the middle line the banding is cut off square, leaving a very narrow straight line down the centre of the segments ; the outer margins of the bands sloping away from below upwards and leaving light areas on each side. Legs with all the joints of the front and middle tarsi pale, except the distal end of the latter which has a faint darkish ring ; the last two joints of the hind tarsi faintly dark, but nothing like so dark as in G. morsitans. Wings tinged with light yellowish-brown.