Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T20:27:30.847Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Total fluoride intake and urinary excretion in 4–year–old Iranian children residing in low-fluoride areas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

F. V. Zohouri  and
A. J. Rugg-Gunn
F. V. Zohouri
Affiliation:
Department of Child Dental Health WHO Collaborating Centre and Newcastle University Human Nutrition Research Centre, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK
A. J. Rugg-Gunn*
Affiliation:
Department of Child Dental Health WHO Collaborating Centre and Newcastle University Human Nutrition Research Centre, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Professor Andrew Rugg-Gunn, fax +44 (0)191 222 5928, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Knowledge of levels of fluoride ingestion and excretion is important in planning optimum fluoride therapy for young children. In previous literature, it has been assumed that only about one-third of ingested fluoride is excreted in young children. The aims of the present study were (a) to measure total fluoride intake, urinary fluoride excretion and fluoride balance, and (b) to investigate the effect of air temperature on fluoride intake and urinary fluoride excretion, in young children. Children (4 years old) living in a city, a small town and rural areas of Fars province, Iran, where drinking water contained 0·30–0·39 mg F/l, were invited to participate. Selection of subjects was by random sampling of kindergartens or health centres. The children were surveyed twice, once in summer and once in winter. Diet was obtained by 3 d diaries with interview. Samples of most foods and drinks were analysed for fluoride content. Ingestion of fluoride from toothpaste was estimated for each child. Each child's urine was collected over 24 h and analysed for fluoride content. Seventy-eight of the 116 volunteers completed all aspects of the study, which was conducted in 1995–6. For all children, the mean fluoride ingestion from diet was 0·390 (sd 0·122) mg/d or 0·028 (sd 0·008) mg/kg body weight per d. Fluoride ingestion from diet was higher in summer and higher in rural areas. The mean ingestion of fluoride from all sources was 0·426 (sd 0·126) mg/d and the mean fluoride urinary excretion was 0·339 (sd 0·100) mg/d. The difference between ingestion and urinary excretion was +0·087 (sd 0·143) mg, equivalent to 80 % excretion. Faecal excretion was not estimated. The results indicate fluoride retention at 4 years to be much lower than previously assumed.

Keywords

FluorideChildren
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 83 , Issue 1 , January 2000 , pp. 15 - 25
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2000

References

Adamson, AJ, Rugg-Gunn, AJ, Appleton, DR, Butler, TJ & Hackett, AF (1992) Dietary sources of energy, protein, unavailable carbohydrate and fat in 11–12-year-old English children in 1990 compared with results in 1980. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 5, 371–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bingham, SA (1994) The use of 24-h urine samples and energy expenditure to validate dietary assessments. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, 227S–231S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bones, RW & Taussky, HH (1951) On the colorimetric determination of creatinine by the Jaffé reaction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 158, 581–591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunetti, A & Newbrun, E (1983) Fluoride balance of children 3 and 4 years old. Caries Research 17, 171 Abstr. 41.Google Scholar
Burt, BA (1992) The changing patterns of systemic fluoride intake. Journal of Dental Research 71, 1228–1237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crosby, ND & Shepherd, PA (1957) Studies on patterns of fluid intake, water balance and fluoride retention. Medical Journal of Australia 2, 305–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutress, TW, Suckling, GW, Pearce, EI & Ball, ME (1985) Defects of tooth enamel in children in fluoridated and non-fluoridated water areas of the Auckland region. New Zealand Dental Journal 81, 12–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Dabeka, RW, McKenzie, AD, Conacher, HB & Kirkpatrick, DC (1982) Determination of fluoride in Canadian infant foods and calculation of fluoride intakes by infants. Canadian Journal of Public Health 73, 188–191.Google ScholarPubMed
Department of Health (1991) Dietary Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report on Health and Social Subjects no. 41. London: H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Duckworth, RM, Knoop, DTM & Stephen, KW (1991) Effect of mouthrinsing after toothbrushing with a fluoride dentifrice on human salivary fluoride levels. Caries Research 25, 287–291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekstrand, J (1996) Fluoride metabolism. In Fluoride in Dentistry, 2nd ed., pp. 55–68 [Fejerskov, O, Ekstrand, J and Burt, BA, editors]. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.Google Scholar
Ekstrand, J, Hardell, LI & Spak, CJ (1984) Fluoride balance studies on infants in a 1-ppm water-fluoride area. Caries Research 18, 87–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekstrand, J, Ziegler, EE, Nelson, SE & Fomon, SJ (1994) Absorption and retention of dietary and supplemental fluoride by infants. Advances in Dental Research 8, 175–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ericsson, Y & Forsman, B (1969) Fluoride retained from mouthrinses and dentifrices in preschool children. Caries Research 3, 290–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ershaw, AG & Cantor, KP (1989) Total Water and Tapwater Intake in the United States: Population-based Estimates of Quantities and Sources, Report no. 263. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute.Google Scholar
Featherstone, JDB & Shields, CP (1988) A Study of Fluoride Intake in New York State Residents. Final Report. Albany, NY: New York State Health Department.Google Scholar
Gregory, JR, Collins, DL, Davies, PSW, Hughes, JM & Clarke, PC (1995) National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Children Aged 1 to 4 Years. Vol. 1: Report of the Diet and Nutrition Survey. London: H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Guha-Chowdhury, NG, Brown, RH & Shepherd, MG (1990) Fluoride intake of infants in New Zealand. Journal of Dental Research 69, 1828–1833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guha-Chowdhury, N, Drummond, BK & Smillie, AC (1996) Total fluoride intake in children aged 3 to 4 years–a longitudinal study. Journal of Dental Research 75, 1451–1457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hackett, AF, Rugg-Gunn, AJ & Appleton, DR (1983) Use of a dietary diary and interview to estimate the food intake of children. Human Nutrition: Applied Nutrition 37, 293–300.Google ScholarPubMed
Hargreaves, JA, Ingram, GS & Wagg, BJ (1972) A gravimetric study of the ingestion of toothpaste by children. Caries Research 6, 237–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harms, D & Scharfe, J (1997) Memorix Pediatrics, p. 117. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Hattab, FN & Wei, SH (1988) Dietary sources of fluoride for infants and children in Hong Kong. Paediatric Dentistry 10, 13–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Henschler, D, Büttner, W & Patz, J (1975) Absorption, distribution in body fluid and bioavailability of fluoride. In Calcium Metabolism, Bone and Metabolic Diseases, pp. 111–121 [Kuhlencordt, F, and Kruse, HP, editors]. Berlin: Springer Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, B, Welch, AA, Unwin, ID, Buss, DH, Paul, AA & Southgate, DAT (1991) McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods, 5th ed. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.Google Scholar
Kanis, JA & Passmore, R (1989) Calcium supplementation of the diet. British Medical Journal 298, 137–140, 205–208.Google ScholarPubMed
Largent, EJ (1961) Fluorosis: The Health Aspects of Fluorine Compounds. Columbia, OH: Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar
Levy, SM, Kiritsy, MC & Warren, JJ (1995) Sources of fluoride intake in children. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 55, 39–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez, H & Navia, JM (1988) A method to assay fluoride in foods, beverages and diets. Caries Research 22, 210–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Machle, W, Scott, EW & Largent, EJ (1942) The absorption and excretion of fluorides. Part I. The normal fluoride balance. Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 24, 199–204.Google Scholar
McClure FJ (1943) Ingestion of fluoride and dental caries. Quantitative relations based on food and water requirements of children 1 to 12 years old. American Journal of Diseases of Children 66, 362–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maheshwari, UR, King, J, Brunetti, AJ, Hodge, HC, Newbrun, E & Margen, S (1981 a) Fluoride balances in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Journal of Occupational Medicine 23, 465–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maheshwari, UR, McDonald, JT, Schneider, VS, Brunetti, AJ, Leybin, L, Newbrun, E & Hodge, HC (1981 b) Fluoride balance studies in ambulatory healthy men with and without fluoride supplements. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 2679–2684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matkovic, V & Heaney, RP (1992) Calcium balance during human growth: evidence for threshold behavior. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, 992–996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naccache, H, Simard, PL, Trahan, L, Brodeur, JM, Demers, M, Lachapelle, D & Bernard, PM (1992) Factors affecting the ingestion of fluoride dentifrice by children. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 52, 222–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naccache, H, Simard, PL, Trahan, L, Demers, M, Lapointe, C & Brodeur, JM (1990) Variability in the ingestion of toothpaste by preschool children. Caries Research 24, 359–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ophaug, RH, Singer, L & Harland, BF (1985) Dietary fluoride intake of 6-month and 2-year-old children in four dietary regions of the United States. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 701–707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pang, DT, Phillips, CL & Bawden, JW (1992) Fluoride intake from beverage consumption in a sample of North Carolina children. Journal of Dental Research 71, 1382–1388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pendrys, DG & Stamm, JW (1990) Relationship of total fluoride intake to beneficial effects and enamel fluorosis. Journal of Dental Research 69, 529–538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rugg-Gunn, AJ, Nunn, JH, Ekanayake, L, Saparamadu, KD & Wright, WG (1993) Urinary fluoride excretion in 4-year-old children in Sri Lanka and England. Caries Research 27, 478–483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schamschula, RG, Un, PS, Sugar, E, Duppenthaler, JL, Toth, K & Barmes, DE (1988 a) The fluoride content of selected foods in relation to the fluoride concentration of water. Acta Physiologica Hungarica 72, 217–227.Google Scholar
Schamschula, RG, Un, PS, Sugar, E, Duppenthaler, JL, Toth, K & Barmes, DE (1988 b) Daily fluoride intake from the diet of Hungarian children in fluoride deficient and naturally fluoridated areas. Acta Physiologica Hungarica 72, 229–235.Google ScholarPubMed
Schofield, WN (1985) Predicting basal metabolic rate: new standards and review of previous work. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition 39, 5–41.Google ScholarPubMed
Simard, PL, Lachapelle, D, Trahan, L, Naccache, H, Demers, M & Brodeur, JM (1989) The ingestion of fluoride dentifrice by young children. Journal of Dentistry for Children 56, 177–181.Google ScholarPubMed
Singer, L & Ophaug, R (1979) Total fluoride intake of infants. Pediatrics 63, 460–466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spencer, H, Lewin, I, Wistrowski, E & Samachson, J (1970) Fluoride metabolism in man. American Journal of Medicine 49, 807–813.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taves, DR (1983) Dietary intake of fluoride; ashed (total fluoride) v. unashed (inorganic fluoride) analysis of individual foods. British Journal of Nutrition 49, 295–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Venkateswarlu, P (1992) Separation of fluoride from fluoroelastomers by diffusion in test tubes. Analytical Chemistry 64, 346–349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, WJ, Bian, JY & Phillips, PC (1997) Urinary fluoride excretion monitoring: assessment of fluoride intake by Chinese children consuming fluoridated milk. Caries Research 31, 303 Abstr. 69.Google Scholar
Warpeha, RA & Marthaler, TM (1995) Urinary fluoride excretion in Jamaica in relation to fluoridated salt. Caries Research 29, 35–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitford, GM (1990) The physiological and toxicological characteristics of fluoride. Journal of Dental Research 69, 539–549; discussion 556–557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wistrowski, E, Kramer, L, Osis, D & Spencer, H (1975) Dietary fluoride intake of infants. Pediatrics 55, 517–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woltgens, JHM, Etty, EJ, Nieuwland, WMD & Lyaruu, DM (1989) Use of fluoride by young children and prevalence of mottled enamel. Advances in Dental Research 3, 177–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (1986) Appropriate Use of Fluorides for Human Health [Murray, JJ, editor]. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Zohouri, FV & Rugg-Gunn, AJ (1999) Fluoride concentration in foods from Iran. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition (In the Press).Google ScholarPubMed