Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T20:29:12.608Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Altering the temporal distribution of energy intake with isoenergetically dense foods given as snacks does not affect total daily energy intake in normal-weight men

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

A. M. Johnstone ,
E. Shannon ,
S. Whybrow ,
C. A. Reid  and
R. J. Stubbs
A. M. Johnstone
Affiliation:
The Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
E. Shannon
Affiliation:
The Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
S. Whybrow
Affiliation:
The Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
C. A. Reid
Affiliation:
Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, The Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
R. J. Stubbs*
Affiliation:
The Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Dr James Stubbs, fax +44 (0) 1224 715349, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of (1) ingesting mandatory snacks v. no snacks and (2) the composition of isoenergetically-dense snacks high in protein, fat or carbohydrate, on food intake and energy intake (EI) in eight men with ad libitum access to a diet of fixed composition. Subjects were each studied four times in a 9 d protocol per treatment. On days 1–2, subjects were given a medium-fat maintenance diet estimated at 1·6 × resting metabolic rate (RMR). On days 3–9, subjects consumed three mandatory isoenergetic, isoenergetically dense (380 kJ/100 g) snacks at fixed time intervals (11.30, 15.30 and 19.30 hours). Total snack intake comprised 30 % of the subjects' estimated daily energy requirements. The treatments were high protein (HP), high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF) and no snack (NS). The order was randomized across subjects in a counterbalanced, Latin-square design. During the remainder of the day, subjects had ad libitum (meal size and frequency) access to a covertly manipulated medium-fat diet of fixed composition (fat: carbohydrate: protein, 40:47:13 by energy), energy density 550 kJ/100 g. All foods eaten were investigator-weighed before ingestion and left-overs were weighed after ingestion. Subjective hunger and satiety feelings were tracked hourly during waking hours using visual analogue scales. Ad libitum EI amounted to 13·9 MJ/d on the NS treatment compared with 11·7, 11·7 and 12·2 MJ/d on the HP, HC and HF diets respectively (F(3,21) 5·35; P = 0·007, sed 0·66). Total EI values were not significantly different at 14·6, 14·5, 15·0 and 14·2 MJ/d respectively. Snack composition did not differentially affect total daily food intake or EI. Average daily hunger was unaffected by the composition of the snacks. Only at 12.00 hours did subjects feel significantly more hungry during the NS condition, relative to the other dietary treatments (F(3,18) 4·42; P = 0·017). Body weight was unaffected by dietary treatment. In conclusion, snacking per se led to compensatory adjustments in feeding behaviour in lean men. Snack composition (with energy density controlled) did not affect the amount eaten of a diet of fixed composition. Results may differ in real life where subjects can alter both composition and amount of food they eat and energy density is not controlled.

Keywords

SnackingAppetiteEnergy intake
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 83 , Issue 1 , January 2000 , pp. 7 - 14
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2000

References

Bellisle, F, McDevitt, R & Prentice, AM (1997) Meal frequency and energy balance. British Journal of Nutrition 77, Suppl. 1S57–S70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blundell, JE & Macdiarmid, JI (1997) Fat as a risk factor for overconsumption: satiation, satiety, and patterns of eating. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 97, Suppl. 7S63–S69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Booth, DA (1988) Mechanisms from models — actual effects from real life: the zero calorie drink-break option. Appetite 11, 94–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cotton, JR, Burley, VJ, Weststrate, JA & Blundell, JE (1994) Dietary fat and appetite: similarities and differences in the satiating effect of meals supplemented with either fat or carbohydrate. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 7, 11–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Department of Health (1995) Obesity — Reversing the Increasing Problem of Obesity in England. A Report from the Nutritional and Physical Activity Task Forces. London: H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Drewnowski, A (1995) Energy intake and sensory properties of food. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 1081S–1085S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drummond, S, Crombie, N & Kirk, T (1996) A critique of the effects of snacking on body weight status. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 779–783.Google ScholarPubMed
Elia, M & Livesey, G (1988) Theory and validity of indirect calorimetry during net lipid synthesis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47, 591–607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fabry, P, Fodor, J, Hejl, Z, Braun, T & Zvolankova, K (1964) The frequency of meals in relation to overweight, hypercholesterolaemia and decreased glucose tolerance. Lancet ii, 614–615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fabry, P, Hejda, S, Cerna, K, Osoncova, K, Pechor, J & Zvolankova, K (1966) Effect of meal frequency in school children: changes in weight–height proportion and skinfold thickness. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 18, 358–361.Google Scholar
Fabry, P & Tepperman, J (1970) Meal frequency — a possible factor in human pathology. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 23, 1059–1068.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forbes, JM (1995) Voluntary Food Intake and Diet Selection in Farm Animals. Wallingford: CAB International.Google Scholar
Gatenby, SJ (1997) Eating frequency: methodological and dietary aspects. British Journal of Nutrition 77, Suppl. 1S7–S20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibney, M & Lee, P (1989) Patterns of food and nutrient intake in adults consuming high and low levels of table sugar in a Dublin suburb of chronically high unemployment. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 48, 123A.Google Scholar
Green, SM & Blundell, JE (1996) Subjective and objective indices of the satiating effect of foods. Can people predict how filling a food will be?. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 798–806.Google ScholarPubMed
Grogan, SC, Bell, R & Conner, M (1997) Eating sweet snacks: gender differences in attitude and behaviour. Appetite 28, 19–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, AM, Stubbs, RJ & Harbron, CG (1996) Effect of overfeeding macronutrients on day-to-day food intake in man. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 418–430.Google ScholarPubMed
Lawton, CL, Delargy, HJ, Smith, FC, Hamilton, V & Blundell, JE (1998) A medium-term intervention study on the impact of high- and low-fat snacks varying in sweetness and fat content: large shifts in daily fat intake but good compensation for daily energy intake. British Journal of Nutrition 80, 149–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le Magnen, J (1992) Neurobiology of Feeding and Nutrition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lissner, L & Heitmann, BL (1995) Dietary fat and obesity: evidence from epidemiology. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 79–90.Google ScholarPubMed
Mela, DJ & Sacchetti, DA (1991) Sensory p for fats: relationships with diet and body composition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 908–915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nunez, C, Carbajal, A & Moreiras, O (1998) Body mass index and desire of weight loss in a group of young women. Nutrition Hospital 13, 172–176.Google Scholar
Stubbs, RJ, Van Wyk, MCW, Johnstone, AM & Harbron, C (1996) Breakfasts high in protein, fat or carbohydrate: effect on within-day appetite and energy balance. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 409–417.Google ScholarPubMed
Verboeket-van de Venne, WP & Westerterp, KR (1991) Influence of the feeding frequency on nutrient utilisation in man: consequences for energy metabolism. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 161–169.Google ScholarPubMed
Verboeket-van de Venne, WP & Westerterp, KR (1993) Frequency of feeding, weight reduction and energy metabolism. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 17, 31–36.Google ScholarPubMed
Verboeket-van de Venne, WP, Westerterp, KR & Kester, AD (1993) Effect of the pattern of food intake on human energy metabolism. British Journal of Nutrition 70, 103–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Wijckmans-Duysens, NA & Ten Hoor, F (1994) Food intake in the daily environment after energy-reduced lunch, related to habitual meal frequency. Appetite 22, 173–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Wijckmans-Duysens, NA, Verboeket-van de Venne, WP, de Graaf, K, van het Hof, KH & Weststrate, JA (1998) Energy intake and body weight: effects of six months reduced or full fat diets, as a function of dietary restraint. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 22, 14–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yates, H, Crombie, N & Kirk, T (1998) Evidence of energy intake compensation at main meals after snacking intervention — a pilot study. Nutrition and Food Science 5, 267–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar