¹ de Toni, N., ‘Saggio di onamastica Vinciana’, Raccolta Vinciana, 1930–1934, XIV, pp. 54–117, pp. 61–62Google Scholar, Spellings ‘Archimedes’ and ‘Archimenides’ recorded indifferently; The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, 2nd edn (ed. and tr. McCurdy, E.), 2 vols., London, 1954Google Scholar,: de Toni's nos, 94–97 Codex Atlantico not given; editing inconsistent, ‘Archimenides’ sometimes left, sometimes ‘Archimedes’ substituted; all four references in the B. M. Arundel Ms. 263, 279v are given as ‘Archimedes’, ii, p. 526, but first two ‘Archimenide’ in original, [Reti, L., ‘Il Mistero dell Architronito’, Raccolta Vinciana, 196x), 19, pp. 171–183 177].Google Scholar Reti ibid., pp. 171–183; Clagett, Marshall, Archimedes in the Middle Ages, Philadelphia, 1978Google Scholar, ‘The fate of the Medieval Archimedes, 1300–1565’, pt. 3, iii, pp. 480–481.

² I. Sakas, reported by Modiano, Mario, Athens, 05 14Google Scholar, The Times, London, 15 05 1981Google Scholar; Marinoni, A., ‘Leonardo's Writings’, in Leonardo the Scientist, London, 1980, pp. 72–73.Google Scholar

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⁶ The Literary Works of Leonardo da Vinci, 3rd edn (ed. and tr., Richter, J. P.), 2 vols., London, 1970, p. 368Google Scholar, n. 15, p. 384, n. 8, 9, 10. Clagett, M., op. cit. (1), pp. 1329–1341, p. 1340.Google Scholar (Petrarch's comments rested in part on Livy and Orosius).

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¹⁰ Landels, J. G., Engineering in the Ancient World, London, 1978, p. 83.Google ScholarBriggs, J., personal communicationGoogle Scholar, (cannon of Petrarch's day and a little later were made of wrought iron staves held together by wrought iron bands).

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¹⁷ Reti, L., ‘Leonardo the Technologist; the problem of prime movers’, in Leonardo da Vinci: Technologist, (eds Reti, L. and Dibner, B.), Norwalk, Connecticut, 1969, pp. 63–96, 92Google Scholar (Ms. E back cover; Codex Leiscester, fol. 10r, fol. 15r); White, Lynn Jr., Medieval Technology and Social Change, Oxford, 1962, p. 92.Google Scholar

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²³ The Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince, (ed. and tr. Barber, R.), London, 1979, pp. 74–75Google Scholar; Sir John Froissart's Chronicles, (tr. Johnes, T.), 5 vols., Hafod, 1803, i, p. 383Google Scholar (sea-battle of Sluys), ii, pp. 100–103 (no mention of weapon of fire at La Rochelle); p. 103 (grappling hooks), p. 103 footnote (Du Guesclin, Coll. Memoires Historiques—fireships used), i, p. 432; Tuchman, Barbara W., The Distant Mirror, U.K. edn, London, 1979, pp. 264–265Google Scholar (crucial advantage); Murray [Murray, K. E., ‘Shipping’, in Medieval England, (ed. Poole, A. L.), Oxford, 1958, i, p. 183Google Scholar,] stated: ‘As early as 1190 northern long ships had discovered when operating against Saracens in the Mediterranean that it was hard to grapple with a dromon because the enemy could pour brimstone and burning pitch over their heads’.

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²⁶ Italicus, Silius, Italica, (tr. Duff, K. D.), 2 vols., London, 1934, ii, p. 295Google Scholar (14, 300–315). Schneider, I., ‘Die Enstehung der Legende um die kriegstechnische Anwendung von Brennspiegeln bei Archimedes’, Technikgeschichte, 1969, 36, pp. 1–11.Google Scholar

²⁷ Galen, , De Temperamentis, ed. Helmreich, O., Bibliotetheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum, (Stuttgart, 1969, 2nd edn) p. 93Google Scholar (c. 3,2); Simms, D. L., ‘Archimedes and the Burning Mirrors of Syracuse’, Technology and Culture, 1977, pp. 28, 1–24Google Scholar, 5 and 5 n, 21; Toni, N., op. cit. (1), p. 79Google Scholar (two refs to Galen in Leonardo's mss.); Pacioli, Luca, De Viribus Quantitatis, p. 200vGoogle Scholar, Ms. 250, Library, University of Bologna, undated, no. 306 in Mazzatintti, G., Catalogue of Italian Mss. in University Libraries, (Forli, 1910) 17, p. 68.Google Scholar

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³⁰ Diodorus of Sicily, , Universal History, (tr. Oldfather, C.), London, 1961, iii, pp. 197–198Google Scholar (5, 37). First five Books, (tr. by Poggio), Bologna, 1472); Richter, J. P., op. cit. (5), ii, p. 422Google Scholar, (Diodorus); Libri, G., Histoire des Sciences Mathématiques en Italie, 2 vols., Paris, 1838, i, p. 208, n.5.Google Scholar

³¹ MacCurdy, E., op. cit. (1), ii, p. 175Google Scholar; Reti, L., op. cit. (1), pp. 176–177 (original Italian)Google Scholar; Pedretti, C., op. cit. (1), ii, p. 371 (date).Google Scholar

³² Clagett, M., op. cit. (1), pp. 480–481Google Scholar, (medieval biographical accounts). Maximus, Valerius, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium Libri Novem, rescensit Carolus Kemp, Leipzig, 1888, p. 391Google Scholar, (bk, 8, cap, 6, ext. 5–10); Romae Antiquae Descriptio, (tr. Speed, S.), London and Westminster, 1678, p. 399Google Scholar (Marcellus was sensible that his victory was much delayed by his (Archimedes') engines); Plutarch, , op. cit. (32), v. p. 487Google Scholar (death) (19,3), p. 481 (tomb) (17,7).

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³⁹ Vasari, G., Lives of the Artists, rev. edn (tr. with intro. and notes by Bull, G.), London, 1965, 1981 (1st edn 1550, 2nd edn 1568), p. 28Google Scholar (illustrious artist), p. 469 (knowledge of Alberti's book).

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