Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T01:32:50.474Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Some needed psychological clarifications on the experience(s) of shamanism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2018

Etzel Cardeña
Affiliation:
Lund University, Lund 22100, Sweden. [email protected]://portal.research.lu.se/portal/en/persons/etzel-cardena(d53593d2-7c3f-492b-98d0-5b28ae46f227).html
Stanley Krippner
Affiliation:
Saybrook University, Oakland, CA 94612. [email protected]://www.saybrook.edu/faculty/byname/Stanley_Krippner/

Abstract

The target article's use of core concepts is confused and excessively broad. Two main types of experiences have been described in relation to shamanism: magical flight and mediumship/possession. The first refers to visual and remembered experiences of events in other realms, the second to embodied experiences of ceding mental control and personality to a preternatural entity. These experiences grossly correspond to two main experience modalities exhibited by highly hypnotizable individuals in a secular setting.

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bakan, D. (1969) On method. Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Balzer, M. M. (1996) Flights of the sacred: Symbolism and theory in Siberian shamanism. American Anthropologist 98:305–18.Google Scholar
Barber, T. X. (1999) A comprehensive three-dimensional theory of hypnosis. In: Clinical hypnosis and self-regulation: Cognitive-behavioral perspectives, ed. Kirsch, I., Capafons, A., Cardeña–Buelna, E. & Amigo, S., pp. 2148. American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Bourguignon, E. (1976) Possession. Chandler & Sharp.Google Scholar
Cardeña, E. (1991) Max Beauvoir: An island in an ocean of spirits. In: Shamans of the 20th century, ed. Heinze, R. I., pp. 2732. Irvington.Google Scholar
Cardeña, E. (1996) Just floating on the sky: A comparison of shamanic and hypnotic phenomenology. In: 6th Jahrbuch für Transkulturelle Medizin und Psychotherapie [6th Yearbook of cross-cultural medicine and psychotherapy], ed. Quekelbherge, R. & Eigner, D., pp. 8598. Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung.Google Scholar
Cardeña, E. & Krippner, S. (2010) The cultural context of hypnosis. In: Handbook of clinical hypnosis, 2nd edition, ed. Lynn, S. J., Rhue, J. W. & Kirsch, I., pp. 743–71. American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardeña, E., Lynn, S. J. & Krippner, S., eds. (2014) Varieties of anomalous experience: Examining the scientific evidence, 2nd edition. American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Cardeña, E. & Schaffler, Y. (2017) He who has spirits must work a lot: A psycho anthropological account of spirit possession in the Dominican Republic. Submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Eliade, M. (1964) Shamanism: Archaic techniques of ecstasy. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Halifax, J. (1979) Shamanic voices: The shaman as seer, poet and healer. Pelican.Google Scholar
Heinze, R. I. (1991) Shamans of the 20th century. Irvington.Google Scholar
Kleinman, A. (1980) Patients and healers in the context of culture: An exploration of the borderland between anthropology, medicine, and psychiatry. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Krippner, S. C. (2002) Conflict perspectives on shamans and shamanism: Points and counterpoints. American Psychologist 57:962–77. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004.Google Scholar
Pekala, R. J. & Forbes, E. J. (1997) Types of hypnotically (un)susceptible individuals as a function of phenomenological experience: Towards a typology of hypnotic types. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 39:212–24.Google Scholar
Rouget, G. (1985) Music and trance: A theory of the relations between music and possession. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Russell, B. (1970) Mysticism and logic. George, Allen and Unwin. (Original work published in 1917.)Google Scholar
Terhune, D. B. & Cardeña, E. (2010) Differential patterns of spontaneous experiential response to a hypnotic induction: A latent profile analysis. Consciousness and Cognition 19:1140–50.Google Scholar
Terhune, D. B., Cardeña, E. & Lindgren, M. (2011) Dissociated control as a signature of typological variability in high hypnotic suggestibility. Consciousness and Cognition 20:727–36.Google Scholar
Vaitl, D., Birbaumer, N., Gruzelier, J., Jamieson, G., Kotchoubey, B., Kübler, A., Lehmann, D., Miltner, W. H. R., Ott, U., Pütz, P., Sammer, G., Strauch, I., Strehl, U., Wackermann, J. & Weiss, T. (2005) Psychobiology of altered states of consciousness. Psychological Bulletin 131:98127. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.98.Google Scholar
Walsh, R. (1990) The spirit of shamanism. J. P. Tarcher.Google Scholar
Winkelman, M. (1992) Shamans, priests and witches: A cross-cultural study of magico-religious practitioners. Anthropological Research Papers No. 44, Arizona State University.Google Scholar
Wulff, D. M. (2014) Mystical experiences. In: Varieties of anomalous experience: Examining the scientific evidence, second edition, ed. Cardeña, E., Lynn, S. J. & Krippner, S., pp. 369408. American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14258-013.Google Scholar