No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Cognitive architecture enables comprehensive predictive models of visual search
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 May 2017
Abstract
With a simple demonstration model, Hulleman & Olivers (H&O) effectively argue that theories of visual search need an overhaul. We point to related literature in which visual search is modeled in even more detail through the use of computational cognitive architectures that incorporate fundamental perceptual, cognitive, and motor mechanisms; the result of such work thus far bolsters their arguments considerably.
- Type
- Open Peer Commentary
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017
References
Abrams, R. A., Meyer, D. E. & Kornblum, S. (1989) Speed and accuracy of saccadic eye movements: Characteristics of impulse variability in the oculomotor system. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
15(3):529–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Anstis, S. M. (1974) A chart demonstrating variations in acuity with retinal position. Vision Research
14(7):589–92.Google Scholar
Bouma, H. (1970) Interaction effects in parafoveal letter recognition. Nature
226:177–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engel, F. L. (1977) Visual conspicuity, visual search and fixation tendencies of the eye. Vision Research
17:95–108. doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(77)90207-3.Google Scholar
Findlay, J. M. & Gilchrist, I. D. (2003) Active vision: The psychology of looking and seeing. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fleetwood, M. D. & Byrne, M. D. (2006) Modeling the visual search of displays: A revised ACT-R/PM model of icon search based on eye tracking data. Human-Computer Interaction
21(2):153–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, J. & Abramov, I. (1977) Color vision in the peripheral retina. II. Hue and saturation. Journal of the Optical Society of America
67(2):202–207.Google Scholar
Halverson, T. & Hornof, A. J. (2011) A computational model of “active vision” for visual search in human-computer interaction. Human-Computer Interaction
26(4):285–314.Google Scholar
Harris, C. M. (1995) Does saccadic undershoot minimize saccadic flight-time? A Monte-Carlo study. Vision Research
35:691–701.Google Scholar
Henderson, J. M. & Castelhano, M. S. (2005) Eye movements and visual memory for scenes. In: Cognitive processes in eye guidance, ed. Underwood, G., pp. 213–35. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hornof, A. J. (2004) Cognitive strategies for the visual search of hierarchical computer displays. Human-Computer Interaction
19(3):183–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kieras, D. (2011) The persistent visual store as the locus of fixation memory in visual search tasks. Cognitive Systems Research
12:102–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kieras, D. E. & Hornof, A. J. (2014) Towards accurate and practical predictive models of active-vision-based visual search. In: CHI '14: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 3875–84. ACM.Google Scholar
Kieras, D. E. & Meyer, D. E. (1997) An overview of the EPIC architecture for cognition and performance with application to human-computer interaction. Human-Computer Interaction
12(4):391–438.Google Scholar
Kieras, D. E. & Meyer, D. E. (2000) The role of cognitive task analysis in the application of predictive models of human performance. In: Cognitive task analysis, ed. Schraagen, J. M. C., Chipman, S. E. & Shalin, V. L., pp. 237–60. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Meyer, D. E. & Kieras, D. E. (1997) A computational theory of executive cognitive processes and multiple-task performance: Part 1. Basic mechanisms. Psychological Review
104(1):3–65. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.104.1.3.Google Scholar
Meyer, D. E. & Kieras, D. E. (1999) Precis to a practical unified theory of cognition and action: Some lessons from computational modeling of human multiple-task performance. In: Attention and performance XVII. Cognitive regulation of performance: Integration of theory and application, ed. Gopher, D. & Koriat, A., pp. 17–88. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, M. S., Kramer, A. F., Wang, R. F., Irwin, D. E. & McCarley, J. S. (2001) Visual search has memory. Psychological Science
12(4):287–92.Google Scholar
Schumacher, E. H., Seymour, T. L., Glass, J. M., Fencsik, D., Lauber, E. J., Kieras, D. E. & Meyer, D. E. (2001) Virtually perfect time-sharing in dual-task performance: Uncorking the central cognitive bottleneck. Psychological Science
12:101–108.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. R., Iyer, N., Simpson, B. D., Wakefield, G. H., Kieras, D. E. & Brungart, D. S. (2015) Enhancing listener strategies using a payoff matrix in speech-on-speech masking experiments. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
138(3):1297–304.Google Scholar
Virsu, V. & Rovamo, J. (1979) Visual resolution, contrast sensitivity, and the cortical magnification factor. Experimental Brain Research
37:475–94.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y. & Hornof, A. J. (2014) Understanding multitasking through parallelized strategy exploration and individualized cognitive modeling. In: CHI '14: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 3885–94. ACM.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Target article
The impending demise of the item in visual search
Related commentaries (30)
An appeal against the item's death sentence: Accounting for diagnostic data patterns with an item-based model of visual search
Analysing real-world visual search tasks helps explain what the functional visual field is, and what its neural mechanisms are
Chances and challenges for an active visual search perspective
Cognitive architecture enables comprehensive predictive models of visual search
Contextual and social cues may dominate natural visual search
Don't admit defeat: A new dawn for the item in visual search
Eye movements are an important part of the story, but not the whole story
Feature integration, attention, and fixations during visual search
Fixations are not all created equal: An objection to mindless visual search
Gaze-contingent manipulation of the FVF demonstrates the importance of fixation duration for explaining search behavior
How functional are functional viewing fields?
Item-based selection is in good shape in visual compound search: A view from electrophysiology
Looking further! The importance of embedding visual search in action
Mathematical fixation: Search viewed through a cognitive lens
Oh, the number of things you will process (in parallel)!
Parallel attentive processing and pre-attentive guidance
Scanning movements during haptic search: similarity with fixations during visual search
Searching for unity: Real-world versus item-based visual search in age-related eye disease
Set size slope still does not distinguish parallel from serial search
Task implementation and top-down control in continuous search
The FVF framework and target prevalence effects
The FVF might be influenced by object-based attention
The “item” as a window into how prior knowledge guides visual search
Those pernicious items
Until the demise of the functional field of view
What fixations reveal about oculomotor scanning behavior in visual search
Where the item still rules supreme: Time-based selection, enumeration, pre-attentive processing and the target template?
Why the item will remain the unit of attentional selection in visual search
“I am not dead yet!” – The Item responds to Hulleman & Olivers
“Target-absent” decisions in cancer nodule detection are more efficient than “target-present” decisions!
Author response
On the brink: The demise of the item in visual search moves closer