3281suzume. (2011, March 11). #j_j_helpme RT @_mego: Right after the tsunami struck. Taken from the second floor of my house. We are stranded in the middle of water! Please save us!! Arahama area in Wataricho, Watarigun, Miyagi prefecture! <link> [#j_j_helpme RT @_mego: tsunami kita chokugo. Jitaku2 kara satsuei. Imada ni shiteite torinokosareteimasu ! Kyuujo wo onegaishimasu!! Miyagiken Watarigun Wataricho Arahamachiku desu! <link>] [Twitter post]. Retrieved on July 15, 2011, from here.+[#j_j_helpme+RT+@_mego:+tsunami+kita+chokugo.+Jitaku2+kara+satsuei.+Imada+ni+shiteite+torinokosareteimasu+!+Kyuujo+wo+onegaishimasu!!+Miyagiken+Watarigun+Wataricho+Arahamachiku+desu!+]+[Twitter+post].+Retrieved+on+July+15,+2011,+from+here.>Google Scholar

Acar, A., & Muraki, Y. (2011). Twitter for crisis communication: Lessons learned from Japan's tsunami disaster. International Journal of Web Based Communities, 7 (3), 392–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Akira 1978. (2011, March 11). I am glad you're safe! I was worried because I didn't see you in my timeline. The situation is not settled, but I'm relieved anyway.” [Gobuji deshita ka! TL de mikakenakatta node shinpai shite orimashita. Madamada anshin nado dekiru jokyo de ha nai to omoimasu ga, hitomazu yokatta desu!]. [Twitter post]. Retrieved on May 30, 2012, from here.Google Scholar

Anderegg, M. A. (1991). Inventing Vietnam: The war in film and television. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar

Arevamirapal (2011, September 20). Photographs of 60,000-Strong Anti-Nuke Demonstration in Tokyo: Japanese MSMs Called It “A Parade” | EXSKF [Blog post]. Retrieved on May 31, 2012, from here.Google Scholar

Avenell, S. A. (2009). Civil society and the new civic movements in contemporary japan: Convergence, collaboration, and transformation. The Journal of Japanese Studies, 35 (2), 247–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beat Communication. (2011, April 28). Report of Enterprises’ Usage of Social Media During the 311 Disaster. [Press release]. Retrieved on May 20, 2012, from here.Google Scholar

Bertot, J. C., Jaeger, P. T., & Grimes, J. M. (2010). Using icts to create a culture of transparency: E-government and social media as openness and anti-corruption tools for societies. Government Information Quarterly, 27 (3), 264–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cavasin, N. (2008). Citizen activism and the nuclear industry in japan. In Local environmental movements: A comparative study of the United States and Japan (pp. 65–74). Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar

Ceno_sougou. (2011, March 25). First of all, the believing or disbelieving of information shouldn't be based on like or dislike. Just because a retweet comes from a close friend doesn't necessarily mean that it's right (hashtag: calm down) [To iu ka jouhou wo “shinjiru” “shinjinai” no kijun ga “suki” “kirai” ni naccha ikan desho. Naka ga ii hito ga ritsuiito shita karate tadashii to wa kagiranai n dayo? #atama_hiyase]. [Twitter post]. Retrieved May 30, 2012, from here.Google Scholar

Chinese residents in Japan plundering at disaster stricken areas [Web archive]. (n.d.) Retrieved May 24, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Eastern Japan earthquake, disaster bulletin board mobile phone and email goes down, pay phone is now free at 17 prefectures. (2011, March 12). The Yomiuri Shimbun, p. 14.Google Scholar

Endo, K. (2011). Post-disaster Sociology [Daishinsaigo No Shakaigaku]. Tokyo: Kodansha.Google Scholar

Evacuation centers looted by Chinese and Koreans [Web archive]. (n.d.) Retrieved May 24, 2012 from hereGoogle Scholar

Evans, D. (2012). Social media marketing: An hour a day (2nd ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Wiley.Google Scholar

Freeman, L.A. (2000). Closing the Shop: Information Cartels and Japan's Mass Media. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Furuichi, N. (2011). Happy Youth in the Country of Despair [Zetsubo No Kuni No Kofuku Na Wakamonotachi]. Tokyo: Kodansha.Google Scholar

G8 Action Network. (2008, August 2). Retrieved on June 20, 2011, from hereGoogle Scholar

Gladwell, M. (2010, October 4). Small change: Why the revolution will not be tweeted. The New Yorker, 4. Retrieved May 21, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Google Opens the Renewed Person Finder on March 11. (2012, March 8). Yomiuri Online, Retrieved from hereGoogle Scholar

Guskin, E. (2011). Japan crisis overtakes social media. Pew research center publications. Retrieved on May 8, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Hadfield, J. (2011, April 1). Takashi Uesugi: The interview: Time Out meets the journalist who TEPCO loves to hate. Time Out. Retrieved on April 5, 2011, from hereGoogle Scholar

Hasegawa, K. (2011). A comparative study of social movements for a post-nuclear energy era in japan and the USA. In East Asian social movements (pp. 63–79). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hashimoto, Y. (2011). Media and the Japanese: Changing everyday [Media to nihonjin: Kawariyuku nichijo]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar

Huang, J., Thornton, K. M., & Efthimiadis, E. N. (2010). Conversational tagging in twitter. In Proceedings of the 21st ACM conference on hypertext and hypermedia (pp. 173–178).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire. (May 27, 2011) “Earthquake and nuclear crisis in Japan”. Retrieved May 29, 2011, from hereGoogle Scholar

IT Media. (2011, May 10). Mixi increases both in sales and profit during the period of March 2011 [Mikusi 2011 nen 3 gatsu ki wa zoushuu zoueki]. Retrieved July 11, 2011, from hereGoogle Scholar

Ito, M. (2012). How Did Television Report the Nuclear Disaster [Terebi Wa Genpatsu Jiko O Do Tsutaetanoka]. Tokyo: Heibonsha.Google Scholar

Japanese Communist Party. (2011, May 25). Regarding results of aerial radiation readings in Tokyo Prefecture. Retrieved on June 8, 2011, from hereGoogle Scholar

Kayama, R. (2011). Rebuilding the Mind of Post-3/11[3.11 Go No Kokoro O Tatenaosu]. Tokyo: KK Bestsellers.Google Scholar

Kitada, A. (2005). Warau nihon no “nashonarizumu” [japan's cynical nationalism]. Tokyo: Nihon Hoso Shuppan Kyokai.Google Scholar

Kobayashi, A. (2011). Disaster and social media: Confusion, and connections guiding recovery [shinsai to sosharu media: konran, soshite saisei he michibiku hitobito no “tsunagari”]. Tokyo: Mainichi Communications.Google Scholar

Liscutin, N. (2011). Indignez-Vous! ‘Fukushima,’ new media and anti-nuclear activism in japan. The Asia-Pacific Journal, 9 (47), hereGoogle Scholar

Masason (2011, March 28). If government is hesitating to pay for compensation, that would be a historically stupid attitude. RT @smr434 “Voluntary evacuations” are not applicable for compensation [Moshi, seifu ga hoshou toka de chuucho site iru to shitara rekishi ni nokoru gusaku. RT @smr434 Hosho wo sarenai no ga “jishu hinan”]. [Twitter post]. Retrieved DATE from hereGoogle Scholar

Mason, P. (2012). Why it's kicking off everywhere: The new global revolutions. London: Verso Books.Google Scholar

McNeill, D. (2011, April 9)., “A City Left to Fight for Survival After the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster.” Irish Times.Google Scholar

Meier, P., & Munro, R. (2010). The unprecedented role of SMS in disaster response: Learning from Haiti. SAIS Review-A Journal of International Affairs, 30 (2), 91–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. (2010). Information and communications in Japan [White paper]. Retrieved July 11, 2011, from hereGoogle Scholar

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. (2011a). Information and communications in Japan [White paper]. Retrieved April 8, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. (2011b). Result of survey on trend of communication uses of 2010 (outline). Retrieved July 7, 2011, from hereGoogle Scholar

Morozov, E. (2011). The net delusion: How not to liberate the world. London: Penguin.Google Scholar

Murthy, D. (2011). Twitter: Microphone for the masses? Media, Culture & Society, 33 (5), 779–789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

shinbun, Nantoka. (n.d.) [Flyer] Retrieved on September 12, 2011, from hereGoogle Scholar

NEC Biglobe. (2011, April 6). Biglobe announces the twitter use trend in March: Month-long top 10 was earthquake or disaster related, and the number one trending term on March 29 was “kazu.” [Biglobe ga 3 gatsu no tsuittaa riyou doukou wo happyou: gekkan toppu 10 wa subete shinsai kanren, 3 gatsu 29 nichi no 1 i wa “kazu”] [Press release]. Retrieved April 12, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Negi, R.S. (2010). Building multicultural society in Japan. [Blog post]. Retrieved March 7, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Newmark, C. (2011). Who rules social media? A look at social media impact by nonprofit issues. Retrieved April 5, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

NHK_PR. (2011, March 11). There is an emergency earthquake alert. Miyagi, Iwate, Fukushima, Akita, Yamagata. Very big quake. Please be careful!!!! Please be careful!!!!!! [Kinkyu jishin sokuhou ga deteimasu. Miyagi, Iwate, Fukushima, Akita, Yamagata desk. Daijishin desk. Gochuuikudasai! ! ! ! Gochuuikudasai!! !!!!!]. [Twitter post]. Retrieved on April 7, 2011, from here Nikkei Business Publishing. (2011, April 27).Google Scholar

“Thanks to twitter we didn't panic in the smoke:” Disaster and SNS through 550 messages [Kokuen no naka demo, twitter no okage de panikku ni narazu: yaku 550 ken no koe de wakatta “shinsai to SNS”]. Retrieved July 11, 2011, from hereGoogle Scholar

Odyssey. (2011, March 11). The Chiba steel works exploded… [Chiba seitetsujo bakuhatsu shimashita … here. [Twitter post]. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from hereGoogle Scholar

Oe Kenzaburo and others protest against nuclear: Demonstration in middle of Tokyo, participants over 60,000. (2011, September 19). Asahi Shimbun, Retrieved May 20, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Oguma, E. (2011). Ideological map of the postearthquake-disaster era: The rise of “neoliberal democracy”. Kikan Seisaku-Keieikenkyu, 2011 (4), 1-18. Retrieved on March 3, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Okazaki, M., & Matsuo, Y. (2011). Semantic twitter: Analyzing tweets for real-time event notification. In Recent Trends and Developments in Social Software, 63–74.Google Scholar

On twitter usage during the great east Japan earthquake: From entertainment tool to collaborative media [Higashi nihon daishinsai ni okeru tsuittaa no riyou joukyou ni tsuite: entame tsuuru kara kyoudou suru media e]. (2011, April 27) Retrieved July 11, 2011, from hereGoogle Scholar

Palen, L., “Online Social Media in Crisis Events.” Educause Quarterly. July-September 20.0 (2008):8Google Scholar

Prois, J. (2012). Japan earthquake anniversary: Where did your donation go? (And how you can still help). The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 20, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Proulx, S., Heaton, L., Choon, M. J. K., & Millette, M. (2011). Paradoxical empowerment of producers in the context of informational capitalism. New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 17 (1), 9–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rebillard, F. & Touboul, A. (2010). Promises unfulfilled? ‘Journalism 2.0’, user participation and editorial policy on newspaper websites. Media, Culture & Society 32:323–334. Report of enterprises’ usage of social media during the 311 disaster [JAPANESE TITLE?]. (2011). Retrieved April 5, 2012, from hereCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Red Cross. (2010, February 11). Red cross raises more than $32 million via mobile giving program. Retrieved on May 30, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Rheingold, H. (2007). Using participatory media and public voice to encourage civic engagement. The John D. And Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning 1, 97–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Russell, M. (2011). Mining the social web: Analyzing data from facebook, twitter, linkedin, and other social media sites. Sebastopol, CA: O'reilly MediaGoogle Scholar

Sakuta, Y. (2011, December 16). MPD Scheming “Operation: Eradicate 2ch,” Suspicion of Violation of Narcotics Control Law, Unusual Investigation [Keishicho ga takuramu “2 channeru bokumetsu sakusen” mayaku tokurei hou ihan yougi, irei no sousa taisei]. Weekly Asahi, p. 22.Google Scholar

Sandoval, M., & Fuchs, C. (2010). Towards a critical theory of alternative media. Telematics and Informatics, 27 (2), 141–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sasakitoshinao. (2011, March 12). Watching TV that keeps broadcasting tragic images makes me feel like I'm going to have PTSD. Don't focus on the TV, let's think about what can we do. It's better to turn the TV off and collect information on the web. It will calm us down. [Terebi wa muzan na eizou bakari wo housou shitsuzukete ite, miteiruto PTSD ni narisouda Terebi houdou ni kugizuke ni narazu, mina de jibun no dekiru koto wo reisei ni kangaeyou. Terebi wa keshite webu de jouhou shuushuu shita houga reisei ni nareru to omou]. [Twitter post]. Retrieved on June 30, 2011, from hereGoogle Scholar

Screenshot of anpi report [Web archived image]. (n.d.) Retrieved April 8, 2012 from http://sustainalog.com/128.htmlGoogle Scholar

Screenshot of google person finder. [Image]. (2011). Retrieved on April 8, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Screenshot of jishinhelp.com. (2011, March 18). [Image]. Retrieved on April 8, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Screenshot of shinsai.info. (n.d.) [Image]. Retrieved on April 13, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Shibukawa, S. (2007). Netto bunka:2channeru no hikari to kage [Net culture: Lights and shadows of 2channel]. In Sato, K. & Yoshimi, S. (Eds.), Bunka no shakaigaku [sociology of culture]. Tokyo: Yuhikaku.Google Scholar

Slater, D. (forthcoming). Youth in the disaster context.Google Scholar

Switzer, C. (2011). A look at large charities on social media - social philanthropy. The chronicle of philanthropy: Connecting the nonprofit world with news, jobs, and ideas [Web page]. Retrieved May 20, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Szkopti. (2011, March 11). (I) unfollow all public figures who decry and question the safety of the nuclear power plant. Do it later. [Genpatsu no anzensei-gigi/kyuudan nado ima sakebu yuumeijin wa zenbu shizukani anforou. Ato de yare]. [Twitter post]. Retrieved on May 30, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Tntb01. (2011, March) I'm repeating this, but if you can live your regular life, do so. [Nanben mo iu ga fudan doori ni dekiru ningen wa fudan doori ni]. [Twitter post]. Retrieved on March 31, 2012 from hereGoogle Scholar

Toffler, A. (1989). The third wave. New York: Bantam Books.Google Scholar

Tokai Bureau of Telecommunications (2012). Diffusion of mobile telecommunication: The penetration rate of mobile telecommunication (mobile phone, PHS) by year and change in total contract numbers 1997-2012 [Idoutai tsuushin (keitai denwa, PHS) no fukyuu joukyou: Idoutai tsuushin (keitai denwa, PHS) no nendobetsu jinkou fukyuuritsu to keiyakusuu no suii]. (2012). Retrieved March 31, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Tomioka, A. (2011). Earthquake: On the usage of social media among companies after the disaster, use differentiated between SNS and twitter (survey by Beat) [Jishin: Kigyou no soosharu katsuyou, shinsaigo wa SNS to tsuittaa no tsukaiwake susumu… Beat shirabe]. RBB today. Retrieved July 11, 2011 from hereGoogle Scholar

Takashi Uesugi: The Interview. (2011, April 1). Time Out Tokyo, Retrieved May 20, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Tsuda, D. (2011). Can social media regenerate tohoku? Reconstructing autonomous local communities. In Shiso chizu beta vol. 2 tokushu shinsai igo (pp. 233–243). Tokyo: Contectures.Google Scholar

Twitnonukes. (n.d.). Retrieved on May 31, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Twitter. (2011, June 29). Spread of information. [Video]. Retrieved on May 31, 2012, from hereGoogle Scholar

Uesugi, T. (2010). Why tweeting on twitter changes Japan: Eight stories of microjournalism shaking politics [Naze tsuitta de tsubuyaku to nihon ga kawaru noka: Maikurojanarizumu ga seiji to media o yurasu yattsu no hanashi]. Tokyo: Shin'yusha.Google Scholar