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Ainu Success: The Political and Cultural Achievements of Japan's Indigenous Minority - “Ainu Success: The Political and Cultural Achievements of Japan's Indigenous Minority”- “Documenting Urban Indigeneity: TOKYO Ainu and the 2011 Survey on the Living Conditions of Ainu outside Hokkaido”

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“Ainu Success: The Political and Cultural Achievements of Japan's Indigenous Minority”
“Documenting Urban Indigeneity: TOKYO Ainu and the 2011 Survey on the Living Conditions of Ainu outside Hokkaido”

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2025

Simon Cotterill
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Type
Part III- The Ainu People: From 1945 to the 21st Century
Information
Asia-Pacific Journal , Volume 14 , Special Issue S15: Course Reader No. 15. The Ainu People: Indigeneity, Culture and Politics , January 2016 , pp. 294 - 338
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Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
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Copyright © The Authors 2016

References

Notes

1 The Ainu Association of Hokkaido (2010) Actual Living Conditions of the Hokkaido Ainu

2 Watson, M. (2010) Diasporic Indigeneity: place and the articulation of Ainu identity in Tokyo, Japan Environment and Planning A, volume 42, p. 270.

3 Dubreuil, C. (2007) The Ainu and their Culture: A Critical Twenty First Century Account The Asia -Pacific Journal

4 Sjöberg, K. (1993) The Return of the Ainu: Cultural Mobilisation and Practice of Ethnicity in Japan, p. 152. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers

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6 Siddle, R. Ainu Ethnicity: A History in Fitzhugh, W.W. and Dubreuil, C. (1999) The Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People.

7 Siddle, R. The Ainu in Weiner, M (2009) Japan's Minorities (2nd edition), p. 23. London: Routledge

8 Rabson, S. (1996) Assimilation Policy in Okinawa: Promotion, Resistance, and ‘Reconciliation’ Japan Policy Research Institute Occasional Paper No. 8, October 1996

9 Creef, E.T. (2006) Ainu in America: The Photographic Representation of ‘Mysterious Little Japanese Primitives’ at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. Paper presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Studies Association.

10 Carlson, L (1989) Giant Ainu and Hairy Patagonians The Journal of American Culture, p. 24.

11 Cheung, S.C.H. (2003) Ainu Culture in Transition, Futures, 35:9, pp. 951-959.

12 Wilhelm, G. (2009) The Ainu in Japan: Ethnic Identity and Cultural Definitions

13 Siddle, R. in Weiner, M (2009) op.cit. p. 28.

14 Mock, J (1999) Culture, Community and Change in a Sapporo Neighbourhood, 1925 - 1988, p. 83. Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press

15 Mock, J (1999) Culture, Community and Change in a Sapporo Neighbourhood, 1925 - 1988, p. 83. Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press

16 Harrison, S. (2007) The Indigenous Ainu of Japan and the ‘Northern Territories’ Dispute, p. 74.

17 Cheung, S.C.H. (2003) op.cit. p. 953.

18 Stevens, G. (2001) The Ainu and Human Rights: Domestic and International Protections Japanese Studies, 21: 2, p. 197.

19 Uzawa, K (2007) The Ainu of Japan: Political Situations and Rights Issues Arctic Network for the Support of the Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Arctic, p. 4.

20 Kearnay, M. (2004) Changing Fields of Anthropology: From Local to Global, p. 281.

Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield

21 Siddle, R in Weiner, M (2009) op.cit. p. 27.

22 Cheung, S.C.H. (2003) op.cit. p. 953.

23 Lewallen, A.E. (2007) Bones of Contention: Negotiating Anthropological Ethics within the Field of Ainu Refusal Critical Asian Studies, 39: 4, p. 518.

24 Wetherall, W. (1993) The Ainu Nation The Japan Times Weekly, 2nd January 1993

25 Uemura, H. in Buckley, S. (2002) The Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture, p. 11. London: Routledge

26 Lewallen, A.E. (2008) Indigenous at last! Ainu Grassroots Organizing and the Indigenous People's Summit in Ainu Mosir

27 Kearney, M. (2004) op. cit. p. 313. Kearney, M. (2004) op. cit. p. 313.

28 Harrison, S. (2007) op. cit. p. 98.

29 Siddle, R (1996) Race, Resistance, and the Ainu of Japan, pp. 183-4. London: Routledge

30 Harrison, S (2007) op. cit. p. 96.

31 Siddle, R. (1996) op. cit. p. 185.

32 Siddle, R. (1996) op. cit. p. 185.

33 Daes, E.I. (2009) The Contribution of the Working Group on Indigenous Peoples to the Genesis and Evolution of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People in Charters, C and Stavenhagen, R (eds) Making the Declaration Work: The United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous People

34 ILO Convention 169 (1989)

35 Daes, E.I. (2009) The Contribution of the Working Group on Indigenous Peoples to the Genesis and Evolution of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People in Charters, C and Stavenhagen, R (eds) Making the Declaration Work: The United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous People

36 The Ainu Association of Hokkaido (2010) Inauguration Speech, UN General Assembly, 10th December 1992

37 Kennedy, M (2009) Contemporary Tradition: Reconfiguring Ainu Culture in Modern Japan Nagoya University of Commerce and Business, Journal of Language, Culture and Communication

38 ILO Convention 169 (1989)

39 MOFA (2000) Comments of the Japanese Government on the Concluding Observations adopted by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination on March 20, 2000, regarding initial and second periodic report of the Japanese Government

40 MOFA (2000) Comments of the Japanese Government on the Concluding Observations adopted by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination on March 20, 2000, regarding initial and second periodic report of the Japanese Government

41 ILO website (2005) International Day of the World's Indigenous People 2005 Indigenous and Tribal Peoples’ Right - still a long way to go

42 CERD (2001) 58th Session, 9th March 2001, Morning United Nations Press Release

43 Porter, C (2008) After the Ainu Shinpo: The United Nations and the Indigenous People of Japan New Voices, p. 204.

44 Montes, A.R and Cisneros, G.T. (2009) The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: the Foundation of a New Relationship between Indigenous Peoples, States and Societies in Charters, C and Stavenhagen, R (eds) op.cit. p. 151.

45 Uzawa, K (2007) The Ainu of Japan: Political Situations and Rights Issues Arctic Network for the Support of the Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Arctic, pp. 6-7.

46 Stevens, G. (2008) op. cit. pp. 164-165.

47 Stevens, G. (2008) op. cit. pp. 164-165.

48 Lewallen, A.E. (2008) op. cit.

49 Siddle, R (1996) op.cit. pp. 163 and 238.

50 Eide, A (2009) The Indigenous Peoples, the Working Group on Indigenous Populations and the Adoption of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Chaters, C and Stavenhagen, R (eds) op.cit. p. 42.

51 本道河野 (2008) 政争の具にされる先住民論議、北方ジャーナル

52 Hasegawa, Y (2004) Social Insecurity and Minority Rights in the Information Age Asia Rights Journal, p. 1.

53 Uzawa, K (2007) op. cit. p. 4.

54 Harrison (2007) op. cit. p. 85.

55 Sonohara, T (1997) Toward a Genuine Redress for an Unjust Past: The Nibutani Dam Case E Law: Murdoch University Electronic Journal

56 Harrison, S. (2007) op. cit. p. 98.

57 Manea, M-G (2008) Human Rights and the International Dialogue Between Asia and Europe: ASEAN-Europe Relations and ASEM The Pacific Review, 21:3, pp. 369 - 396.

58 Sonohara, T (1997) Toward a Genuine Redress for an Unjust Past: The Nibutani Dam Case E Law: Murdoch University Electronic Journal

59 Hasegawa, Y (2003) Ainu People in Japan CTC Bulletin

60 Morris-Suzuki, T (1998) Reinventing Japan: Time, Space, Nation, p. 30 East Gate Books: USA

61 Hasegawa, Y (2003) op. cit.

62 Sonohara, T (1997) op. cit.

63 Kingsbury, B. (1998) Indigenous Peoples in International Law; a Constructivist Approach to the Asian Controversy American Journal of International Law, vol. 92, pp. 73 - 74.

64 Wilhelm, G. (2009) op. cit.

65 Foucault, M. (1995) Discipline and Punish, pp. 101 - 102. Knopf Doubleday

66 Siddle, R (2002) An Epoch Making Event? The 1997 Ainu Cultural Promotion Act and its Impact Japan Forum, 14:3, pp. 405-423.

67 Chakravorty Spivak, G Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography in Guha, R and Chakravorty Spivak, G (eds) (1988) Selected Subaltern Studies, p. 13. New York: OUP

68 Burgess, C (2010) The ‘Illusion’ of Homogeneous Japan and National Character: Discourse as a Tool to Transcend the ‘Myth’ vs. ‘Reality’ Binary The Asia-Pacific Journal

69 Burgess (2010) op.cit.

70 Gill, T (2001) A Review of ‘Multi-ethnic Japan’ by John Lie, Monumenta Nipponica, 56:4 in Burgess (2010) op.cit.

71 Burgess (2010) op. cit.

72 Morris-Suzuki, T (2002) in Maswood, J, Graham, J, and Miyajima, H (eds) Japan - Change and Continuity, pp. 171. London: Routledge

73 Hasegawa (2003) op. cit.

74 Lewallen, A.E. (2007) op. cit. p. 518.

75 Kennedy, M (2009) op. cit. p. 40.

76 Nibutani Declaration (2008)

77 Watson, M (2010) op. cit. p. 272.

78 Pocock, J.G.A. (2005) The Discovery of Islands, pp. 243. UK: Cambridge University Press

79 The Ainu Association of Hokkaido (2010) op. cit.

80 Harrison, S (2007) op. cit. p. 102.

81 Mainichi Daily News (2008) Ainu Express Happiness over Indigenous Resolution at Traditional Ceremony

82 Legendre, J.J (2010) Ainu Claim Independence to Prime Minister Hatoyama (See Video Interview)

83 Fitzhugh, W.W. Ainu Ethnicity: A History in Fitzhugh, W.W. and Dubreuil, C. (1999) The Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People, p. 20.

84 Howell, D. (2008) op. cit. p. 135.

85 Dubreuil, C. (2007) op. cit.

86 Cheung, S.C.H. (2005)

87 Cheung, S.C.H. (2005)

88 Yamada, T (2000) The Revival of Rituals among the Sakha-Yakut and the Hokkaido Ainu Acta Borealia, 17:1, p. 96.

89 Lewallen, A.E. (2008) op. cit.

90 Yamada, T (2001) Gender and Cultural Revitalisation Movements among the Ainu Senri Ethnological Series, 56, pp. 237 - 257.

91 Hiwasaki, L (2000) Ethnic Tourism in Hokkaido and the Shaping of Ainu Identity Pacific Affairs, 73:3, p. 402.

92 Nakamura, N (2007) Managing the Cultural Promotion of Indigenous People in a Community-Based Museum: the Ainu Culture Cluster Project at the Nibutani Culture Museum, Japan Museum and Society, pp. 148 - 167.

93 Yamada, T (2000) op. cit. p. 108.

94 Ohtsuka, K Tourism, Assimilation and Ainu Survival Today in Fitzhugh, W.W. and Dubreuil, C. (1999) Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People, p. 95. Washington University Press.

95 Howell, D (2008) op. cit. p. 136.

96 Howell, D. (2008) op. cit. p. 136.

97 Nakamura, N. (2007) op. cit. p. 157.

98 Nakamura, N. (2007) op. cit. p. 157.

99 Dubreuil, C. (2007) op. cit.

100 Birmingham, L (2010) A Cultural Revival - the Spirit of Japan ‘s Ainu Artists

101 Forest Gallery (2009) 二人展 芳野省吾・小笠原小夜

102 Reuters (2007) Japan's Ainu Fuse Tradition, Hip-Hop for Awareness

103 Peace Boat (2008) Cool. Proud, Active

104 Kondo, S. (2007) Interview with Koji Yuki, the leader of Ainu Art Project Voices: a World Forum for Music Therapy

105 Kamuy Mintara (2010) Documentary Film: Tokyo Ainu

106 Watson, M. (2010) op. cit. pp. 268 - 284.

107 レラちセ (2009)

108 Yudice, G. (2004) The Expediency of Culture: Uses of Culture in the Global Era, pp. 9-10. USA: Duke University Press

109 Kibe, T. (2006) Differentiated Citizenship and Ethnocultural Groups: A Japanese Case Citizenship Studies, 10:4, p. 421.

110 アイヌ政策のあり方に関する有識者懇談会、第５回 (2009) アイヌ語学習の未来 に向けてー考え方と提案 Nakagawa, like many Ainu, uses the word ‘wajin’ to distinguish non-Ainu Japanese people

111 アイヌ政策のあり方に関する有識者懇談会、第５回 (2009) op. cit.

112 レラちセ (2009)

113 Dubreuil, C (2007) op. cit.

114 Spufford, F (ed) (2007) The Ends of the Earth: Vol. 2 The Antarctic London: Granta Books

115 Gayman, J (2009) 地域と文化に根ざした教育についての考察 : 二風谷小学校の取り組 みを中心に

116 Uzawa, K (2007) op. cit. p. 4.

117 The Ainu Association of Hokkaido (2010) Actual Living Conditions o f the Hokkaido Ainu

118 市民外交 (2009) アイヌ民族の視点からみた「先住民族の権利に関する国際連合宣言」の解説と利用法

119 Kennedy, M (2009) op. cit. p. 42.

120 personal correspondence with Ann-Elise Lewallen (2011)

121 UN News Centre (2010) UN Official Lauds Japan ‘s Human Rights Reforms, Urges Stronger Role Globally

122 CERD (2010) Questions by the Rapporteur in Connection with the Consideration of the Third to Sixth Periodic Reports of Japan

123 時事通信社 (2009) アイヌ支援で新会議＝鳩山首相「政治主導で推進」

124 宇井眞紀子 (2009) 地球の力～アイヌの祈りと暮らし, p. 2.

125 Sharp, A (2009) Going Native Metropolis Magazine

126 Bayly, C.A. (2004) The Birth of the Modern World, 1780-1914: Global Connections and Comparisons, p. 44.