This paper presents an edition of al-Hasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham's (d. 1040) treatise, Qawl fi samt al-qibla bi-al-ḥisāb (on finding the azimuth of the Qibla by calculation) with translation and commentary. In it Ibn al-Haytham provides a universal method for finding the direction of the qibla at any location on the surface of the earth by using spherical trigonometry and accurate calculation. Ibn al-Haytham's computational solution has not been studied before, and it has often been confused with another work of his in which he uses an analemma construction to solve the problem of the qibla graphically. As a result of this confusion, contemporary scholars have mistakenly attributed the first universal solution of the qibla problem to Jamshīd al-Kāshī (15th century), some four centuries after the introduction of this method by Ibn al-Haytham. The present treatise represents an important juncture in the history of the development of mathematics of the qibla, and sheds more light on the contributions of one of the most important scientists of medieval Islam.

The thirteenth-century Hebrew texts that discuss salinity all ultimately go back to Aristotle's treatment of the subject in the Meteorology. However, in these Hebrew texts the question of what exactly makes the sea salty is answered in diverging ways. The oldest of them, the Otot ha-Shamayim (1210), being the Hebrew translation of the Arabic paraphrase of the Meteorology, proposes various causes of the sea's salinity, to wit, the dry exhalation, the action of heat, and the admixture of an earthy substance. This is due partly to Aristotle's own ambiguity, and partly to the fact that his Greek commentators interpreted his words in different ways. Two later encyclopedias, the Midrash ha-Hokhma (c. 1245) and the De'ot ha-Philosofim (c. 1275?) base their expositions of salinity on Ibn Rushd, whose two commentaries on the Meteorology contain various theories. The first encyclopedia opts for the action of heat as the major cause in producing saltiness, whereas the second attempts to explain in which way the various causes are interrelated by advisedly combining Ibn Rushd's accounts.

The importance of the Treatise on equations by Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (12th century) has been brought to our attention by R. Rashed (1974, 1986), who underlined the analytical aspects of this essentially algebraic work. Following Rashed, this article concentrates on one of these analytical concepts, namely the maximum of a polynomial expression f(x) of degree 3. The purpose is to clarify the techniques that led al-Ṭūsī, when computing the maximum of f(x), to systematically display algebraic equations equivalent to f(x) = 0. By demonstrating that al-Ṭūsī's essentially algebraic proofs were also based on analytical procedures, we show that the presence of these equations was not fortuitous, but resulted from a correct understanding of the maximum of f(x). The accompanying geometrical representations were primarily for illustration.

The Treatise on Equations of Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (2nd half of the 12th century) is in the tradition of ‛Umar al-Khayyām (d. 1131). However, it has two special features. First, it contains a full discussion of the existence of a solution for third-degree equations, which al-Ṭūsī establishes by proving that the conic curves that represent this solution effectively intersect – a proof based on an intuitive notion of connexity. Secondly, al-Ṭūsī develops algorithms for the numerical resolution of these third-degree equations. The first stage of one of these algorithms follows a procedure which is akin to the so-called method of Newton's polygon.

This article presents the Arabic text of al-Qūhī's short geometric treatise, The Book of the centres of the tangent circles on lines, by the method of analysis (Xe century), with translation and a mathematical commentary. In this treatise al-Qūhī solves by analysis an ordered set of eight problems where the goal is to locate, on a given line, the centre of a circle which is tangent to two given elements, which may be points, straight lines or circles. For example, in the first problem he wanted to find the centre of a circle which contains two given points. In fact, al-Qūhī establishes the locus of the solutions, and this locus can be a straight line or a conic. The treatise is reminiscent of one of the purposes of al-Qūhī's work on the perfect compass (an instrument to draw conics by moving continuously), namely to assign to the conics the status of regular lines.