A holistic perspective of the last 150 years of studies in ocean biology reveals two distinct scientific activities. The first involved scientists in many expeditions from the "Challenger" in the 1870s to the Indian Ocean Expedition in the 1960s. These studies ended with what Ray (1970) has called the "Marine Revolution". This was caused by the need for marine biologists to pay much more attention to practical problems of fisheries, pollution, undersea mining and in particular the biology of the 200-mile economic zone which was established by many maritime nations in the 1970s. The new biological science of the oceans moved from largely descriptive ecology into the field of dynamic processes, holistic models, ocean monitoring and networking of different national and international organizations. Further progress in the biological sciences is needed in these areas, particularly in determining the canying capacity of the seas and oceans and the ecological consequences of removing manne species of fish from the oceans as part of the annual industrial harvest. These problems are only likely to be solved by a consideration of the properties of entire ecosystems, which are often different, to that expected, from the sum of the determinate parts.

An analysis of statistical data available in eight glass eel fisheries distnbuted over the French Atlantic coastline is used to define the upstream migration dynamics of Anguilla anguilla in estuaries. The CPUE (Catch Per Unit of Effort) data reveal three different types of seasonal trends that reflect different migration kinetics. The recruitment abundance is studied compared to the salinity of the estuary. The first two types of trends correspond to years of high recruitment andor of reduced fishing effort. In brackish estuarine zones, the abundances then follow a symmetrical curve, with a peak in JanuaryFebruary. This time course is due to the passage of a wave of migrants. Further upstream, in tidal freshwater zones, the abundances follow an asymmetrical curve which may describe the progressive accumulation of eels between November and March/April. When recruitment is low andlor the fishing effort is high, CPUEs vary during the season following a plateau curve, with values staying more or less constant between November and March. This latter trend represents a balance status between immigration and capture. In this case, abundance indicescan only be established with total catches. The curves are explained by the migration behaviour of glass eel which exhibit a resting phase in brackish zones and an accumulation in tidal oligohaline zones. These results have direct consequences particularly for the determination of recruitment abundance indices.

La gestion de la reproduction du saumon atlantique nécessite généralement un transfert des géniteurs en eau douce avant la phase finale de la maturation sexuelle pour obtenir des gamètes de bonne qualité. Afin d'analyser l'impact de l'environnement marin, des géniteurs de saumon atlantique âgés de 2 ans (2+) ont été, soit maintenus en mer en cage (EM) jusqu'à la période de reproduction, soit transférés en eau douce (ED), en juin (EDP) ou en octobre (EDT). Les dates d'entrée en spermiation et d'ovulations ont été notées grâce à des observations hebdomadaires. La qualité des gamètes a été évaluée par le taux d'embryonnement au stade œillé après insémination de lots de 200 œufs par du sperme dilué à 10−3 avec du DIA 532®. Les femelles EDP et EDT ont ovulé entre novembre et décembre alors que les femelles EM présentaient un retard et un étalement des ovulations : 67 % des femelles EM avaient ovulé à la fin de l'expérience en avril. La fécondité relative des femelles EDP était significativement plus basse que celle des femelles maintenues en mer au moins jusqu'à l'automne. En dépit des cinétiques d'ovulation et des osmolantés des liquides coelomiques plus élevées, les œufs de femelles EM présentaient une qualité similaire à ceux des femelles ED lorsqu'ils sont utilisés moins d'une semaine après l'ovulation.

Les mâles ED et EM présentent des courbes similaires d'entrée en spermiation. Les spermes des mâles EM présentaient une qualité hétérogène et en moyenne médiocre. L'osmolarité des plasmas séminaux des mâles EM était significativement plus élevée (347 ± 13 mOsmol/l pour EM contre 265 ± 23 mOsmol/l pour ED). Les spermes EM de mauvaise qualité donnaient des résultats médiocres quelle que soit l'osmolarité des dilueurs d'insémination utilisés et comprises entre 150 et 450 mOsmol/l. De plus, aucune relation n'a été mise en évidence entre l'osmolarité individuelle des plasmas séminaux et la mauvaise qualité des spermes. D'un point de vue appliqué, l'osmolarité du plasma séminal ne peut être retenue comme critère qualitatif et le vieillissement des ovules après ovulation dans la cavité abdominale doit être strictement évité pour les femelles EM.

This work examines the effects of constant long and short days on the hormonal profile of plasma17β-oestradiol (E2) levels and the ovarian vitellogenic events, as well as on the fecundity, time of spawning and egg quality of sea bass. Constant short days first administered in April advanced spawning (by 45 days on average) whereas exposure to constant long days from the same date induced a delay (averaging 38 days) compared to controls reared on an ambient light regime (Lat. 40°N). These light regimes produced shifts in the profiles of plasma 17β-oestradiol and in the percentage of the vitellogenic oocytes according to the spawning time of the respective groups. Relative fecundity of the short day group was similar to controls (257,000 versus 230,000 eggs/kg spawned female, respectively). However, in the long day group, relative fecundity was reduced to one half that of control fish (124,000). Plasma oestradiol showed a bimodal pattern under long days and vitellogenetic and atretic oocytes were present for a longer period (6-7 months compared to 4-5 months in controls). In summary, in this paper we describe, for the first time in the sea bass, the effect of constant photoperiod regimes on the 17β-oestradiol plasma profiles, the timing of spawning and the quality of the eggs.

This work describes the application of a homologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) in the measurement ofplasma and pituitary growth hormone levels of tilapia maintained at 20 and 26 °C, using recombinant tilapia growth hormone (rtiGH). RIA sensitivity (ED90) was 0.08 ng/ml and ED50 was 0.62 ± 0.02 ng/ml. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 3.3 and 10.6% respectively, for a plasma sample of 1 ng/ml of tiGH. Mammalian or salmonids growth hormones, thyrotropins or tilapia prolactins did not show cross-reactivity with rtiGH antiserum. Plasma and pituitary extract of Oreochromis niloticus gave inhibition curves parallel to the rtiGH standard curve without interaction with serial dilutions either of tissue extracts or plasma from hypophysectomized tilapia. Pituitary extracts from other cichlid fish showed parallel competitive binding curves. Pituitary extracts of perciform fish exhibited a lower affinity to anti-rtiGH serum, while extracts of species from more distant families showed only negligible cross-reactivity or none at all. The effects of water temperature on plasma concentrations and pituitary contents of GH were investigated in tilapia acclimatized to 26 and to 20 °C. Measurements have been performed at the beginning and at the end of a two-week experiment. Whereas in fish from colder water plasma GH mean values were decreased, only a similar tendency was observed in pituitary GH contents. These results emphasize the hypothesis wich reports that the increase of growth with temperature is, at least in part, controlled by GH.

Taking into account that the relationship between metabolic substrate and the characteristics of the diet is essential for understanding the mechanisms associated with the use of the components of a certain food substance, the aim of this study was to examine the metabolic substrate used by Penaeus setiferus, P. schmitti, P. duorurum and P. notialis postlarvae PL 35–40 (35–40 days after metamorphosis) fed purified diets with different levels of proteins (40, 50, 60 and 65%). Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were measured in animals in intermoult which had been acclimatized to each diet over a minimum of 5 days. Measurements were taken on fasted (24 h) and fed animals. Oxygen consumption of fasting animals increased with a rise in the proteins of the diet in the four species. In the fed animals, this tendency was observed in P. setiferus and P. notialis, while in P. schmitti and P. duorarum oxygen consumption was a weak relationship, decreasing or increasing with a diet with 50% protein. Both in fasting and feeding animals, the ammonia excretion increased with the increase in proteins in the diet. The O : N atomic ratios of the four species decreased (between 30 and 3), according to increase in dietetic protein : energy ratio, (10.4 to 17.0 mg protein/kcal). The highest value of O : N ratio was observed in P. setiferus (40% of protein requirement, O : N = 24 to 34) and lowest in P. schmitti (60% of proteinrequirement, O : N = 4 to 11), with intermediate values in P. duorarum and P. notialis (50% protein requirement, O : N = 8 to 14 and 13 to 19, respectively). These results support previous research that showed that the omnivorous-herbivorous species, like P. setiferus, use protein-lipids normally as energy source in contrast to omnivorous-carnivorous species such as P. duorarum which use protein preferentially as a source of energy.

Osmoregulation and salinity tolerance were studied in zoeae 1 and instar IX juveniles of Chionoecetes opilio. In zoeae 1, the lower and upper lethal salinities for 50% of the animals (LS 50) at 14 °C were about 10 and 42‰ at 24 h, 18 and 41‰ at 48 h, 25 and 38‰ at 96 h. In juveniles, the approximate 48 h LS 50 s at 6 °C were 13.5 and 46‰. Both developmental stages are able to withstand relatively ample but brief variations of salinity. Their short-term euryhalinity is discussed in relation to the salinity of their habitat. Zoeae were hyper-osmoconformers. Juveniles were osmoconformers and isoionic to the external medium except for Mg++ which was hypo-regulated. Isosmotic and isoionic regulation in post-metamorphic stages are presumably an attribute of the family Majidae. The pattern of osmoregulation in zoeae 1 and juveniles relate C. opilio to the first of three groups of species previously characterized by their pattern of ontogeny of osmoregulation.

La palourde japonaise présente un grand polymorphisme de coloration de la coquille. Bien que ce polymorphisme soit connu depuis longtemps, son hérédité n'a jamais été analysée. Cette étude a pour but, hormis la connaissance fondamentale du déterminisme génétique des caractères de la coloration, de permettre de produire des individus homozygotes pour la coloration. Ceux-ci pourront être utilisés comme marqueurs génétiques dans des expériences au laboratoire. La coloration est définie par trois caractères, l'asymétrie, l'ornementation et la couleur de fond. Les palourdes à coloration asymétrique sont totalement ou partiellement dépigmentées, à l'exception d'une bande postérieure sur la valve gauche. Les palourdes à coloration symétrique sont pigmentées sur les deux valves. Quatre séries de croisements ont permis l'analyse de différents caractères, Asymétrie et Symétrie, et des ornementations Vague [V] et Zébré [Z]. Les résultats suggèrent que la coloration est contrôlée par au moins deux gènes. Le caractère d'asymétrie est contrôlé par un gène à deux allèles, asymétrie (A) dominante et symétrie (S) récessive. Quelquesindividus asymétriques homozygotes ont été identifiés. Un phénotype Bigarré (Bi), est apparu dans les ségrégations du croisement V × V et des croisements Z × Z. Les résultats suggèrent que Vague et Zébré sont dominants sur Bigarré. Cependant, il existe d'autres ornementations (phénotype 1) et le gène codant pour l'ornementation serait ainsi multiallélique. Le déterminisme de la couleur n'est pas défini. Par contre, les observations montrent que la coloration n'est pas liée au sexe. Dans la majorité des croisements, les proportions observées pour l'asymétrie s'éloignent des rapports attendus selon les lois de Mendel. Cette différence est due à un déficit systématique en individus homozygotes symétriques qui n'a pu être expliqué.