Information about the pattern of settlement and population in the Morea c. 1830 has been used to reconstruct the height zonation of the population (families) at the end of the War of Greek Independence. Statistical testing of the height distributions showed that the proportion of the population living below the 100 m contour, and thus in the lowlands (27.7 per cent), was significantly greater than expected at the regional scale, whilst the higher, more secure mountains repelled permanent settlement. This result, supported by a detailed examination of the height zonation of population by geographical areas, leads the authors to question the long accepted, but largely untested, proposition that the lowlands of Greece were generally devoid of settlements and people during the period of Ottoman rule, especially in its more capricious phases. The lowlands were not, in fact, deserted.