Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T18:50:19.032Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Conceptualising dog owner motivations: The Pet Care Competency model and role of ‘duty of care’

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2023

CR Glanville ,
PH Hemsworth  and
GJ Coleman
CR Glanville*
Affiliation:
Animal Welfare Science Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Level 3, Building 400, Cnr Flemington Rd & Park Dr, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
PH Hemsworth
Affiliation:
Animal Welfare Science Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Level 3, Building 400, Cnr Flemington Rd & Park Dr, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
GJ Coleman
Affiliation:
Animal Welfare Science Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Level 3, Building 400, Cnr Flemington Rd & Park Dr, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
*
* Contact for correspondence: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The current literature on the behaviour, health, and management of companion dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) indicates that their welfare is often compromised. While there are many factors that have the potential to influence the welfare of companion dogs, carer behaviour is highly influential. Therefore, in order to improve the welfare of companion dogs, it is vital to understand the general and specific human factors that underpin carer behaviour. One such factor that has received little attention in the scientific literature is ‘duty of care’. This paper will firstly review several extant, empirically validated models of human behaviour including the Cognitive Hierarchy model, the Schwartz Theory of Basic Human Values, the Theory of Planned Behaviour, and Hemsworth and Coleman's Animal-Carer model. Secondly, by combining aspects of moral obligation and care, a strong theoretical argument will be presented for the role of ‘duty of care’ as a fundamental motivational driver of animal-carer behaviour. Finally, by integrating ‘duty of care’ with the aforementioned existing models, a hypothesised model of Pet Care Competency is presented, providing a more detailed representation of animal carer motivations than previously documented. Drawing together this wide range of behavioural research and psychological theory, the Pet Care Competency model provides a strong conceptual framework for future empirical investigation. Once the relevant values, beliefs, and attitudes that underpin ‘duty of care’ and contribute most strongly to an individual's Pet Care Competency are identified, this model can be utilised to inform behaviour change programmes that aim to improve carer behaviour and, consequently, dog welfare. By employing this model to identify and target the key elements of carer motivation, a more enduring outcome may be achieved than traditional knowledge-based interventions. This work has the potential to significantly improve the outcomes of animal welfare education and intervention programmes, warranting further exploration.

Keywords

animal welfareattitudesbehaviourdog‘duty of care’Pet Care Competency
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Welfare , Volume 29 , Issue 3 , August 2020 , pp. 271 - 284
Copyright
© 2020 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

References

Agriculture Victoria 2017 Making Victoria better for pets. http://bit.ly/35IbYp5Google Scholar
Ajzen, I 1991 The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision 50: 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-TCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ajzen, I 2011 The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. Psychology & Health 26: 1113–1127. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.613995CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ajzen, I, Joyce, N, Sheikh, S and Cote, NG 2011 Knowledge and the prediction of behavior: The role of information accuracy in the Theory of Planned Behavior. Basic & Applied Social Psychology 33: 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2011.568834CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albarracin, D, Johnson, BT and Zanna, MP 2005 The Handbook of Attitudes. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ, USAGoogle Scholar
Alexander, DS, Hogan, SL, Jordan, JM, DeVellis, RF and Carpenter, DM 2017 Examining whether the information-moti-vation-behavioral skills model predicts medication adherence for patients with a rare disease. Patient Preference & Adherence 11: 75–83. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S115272CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Pet Products Association 2019 2019-2020 APPA National Pet Owners Survey Statistics: Pet Ownership & Annual Expenses. https://www.americanpetproducts.org/press_industry-trends.aspGoogle Scholar
Animal Medicines Australia 2016 Pet Ownership in Australia. http://animalmedicinesaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ AMA_Pet-Ownership-in-Australia-2016-Report_sml.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bang, H, Odio, MA and Reio, T 2014 The moderating role of brand reputation and moral obligation: An application of the the-ory of planned behavior. Journal of Management Development 33: 282–298. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-12-2010-0102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, L and Ajzen, I 1991 Predicting dishonest actions using the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Research in Personality 25: 285–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(91)90021-HCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, PC and Rohlf, VI 2007 Owner-companion dog inter-actions: Relationships between demographic variables, potentially problematic behaviours, training engagement and shared activi-ties. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102: 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2006.03.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bidell, MP 2005 The Sexual Orientation Counselor Competency Scale: Assessing attitudes, skills, and knowledge of counsellors working with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. Counselor Education and Supervision 44: 267–279. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2005.tb01755.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackshaw, JK and Day, C 1994 Attitudes of dog owners to neutering pets: demographic data and effects of owner attitudes Australian Veterinary Journal 71: 113–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1994.tb03351.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blouin, DD 2013 Are dogs children, companions, or just animals? Understanding variations in people’s orientations toward animals. Anthrozoös 26: 279–294. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303713X13636846944402CrossRefGoogle Scholar
British Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1968 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/34/contentsGoogle Scholar
Broom, DM 2010 Cognitive ability and awareness in domestic animals and decisions about obligations to animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 126: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applan-im.2010.05.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, SG and Rhodes, RE 2006 Relationships among dog ownership and leisure-time walking in western Canadian adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 30: 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.10.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cembalo, L, Caracciolo, F, Lombardi, A, Giudice, T, Grunert, KG and Cicia, G 2016 Determinants of individual atti-tudes toward animal welfare-friendly food products. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics 29: 237–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-015-9598-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, YM and Molassiotis, A 1999 The relationship between diabetes knowledge and compliance among Chinese with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in Hong Kong. Journal of Advanced Nursing 30: 431–438. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.01098.xGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, M-F 2016 Extending the theory of planned behavior model to explain people’s energy savings and carbon reduction behav-ioral intentions to mitigate climate change in Taiwan–moral obli-gation matters. Journal of Cleaner Production 112: 1746–1753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.043CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, M-F and Tung, P-J 2014 Developing an extended Theory of Planned Behavior model to predict consumers’ intention to visit green hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management 36: 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.09.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, GJ and Hemsworth, PH 2014 Training to improve stockperson beliefs and behaviour towards livestock enhances welfare and productivity. Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office Of Epizootics) 33: 131–137. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.33.1.2257Google ScholarPubMed
Coleman, GJ, Hemsworth, PH, Hay, M and Cox, M 2000 Modifying stockperson attitudes and behaviour towards pigs at a large commercial farm. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 66: 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00073-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, JA, Green, B, Garthe, RC, Worthington, JEL, Barker, SB and Ingram, KM 2016 The Coleman Dog Attitude Scale (C-DAS): Development, refinement, validation, and reliabil-ity. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 176: 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2016.01.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronan, TP and Al-Rafee, S 2008 Factors that influence the intention to pirate software and media. Journal of Business Ethics 78: 527–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9366-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuff, BMP, Brown, SJ, Taylor, L and Howat, DJ 2016 Empathy: A review of the concept. Emotion Review 8: 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914558466CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culiberg, B 2014 Towards an understanding of consumer recy-cling from an ethical perspective. International Journal of Consumer Studies 38: 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12068CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, SL and Cheeke, PR 1998 Do domestic animals have minds and the ability to think? A provisional sample of opinions on the question. Journal of Animal Science 76: 2072–2079. https://doi.org/10.2527/1998.7682072xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Degeling, C, Burton, L and McCormack, GR 2012 An investi-gation of the association between socio-demographic factors, dog-exercise requirements, and the amount of walking dogs receive. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 76: 235–240Google Scholar
Dietz, T, Allen, S and McCright, AM 2017 Integrating concern for animals into personal values. Anthrozoös 30: 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2017.1270597CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dotson, MJ and Hyatt, EM 2008 Understanding dog-human companionship. Journal of Business Research 61: 457–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.07.019CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eadie, EN 2011 Educational themes related to reduction in ani-mal suffering. In: Eadie EN (ed) Education for Animal Welfare pp 3–36. Springer: Berlin, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16814-7_2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engster, D 2007 The nature of caring and the obligation to care. In: Engster D (ed) The Heart of Justice: Care Ethics and Political Theory pp 21–66. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214358.003.0002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, JD and Fisher, WA 1992 Changing AIDS-risk behaviour. Psychological Bulletin 111: 455–474. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.111.3.455CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, JD, Fisher, WA, Williams, SS and Malloy, TE 1994 Empirical tests of an information-motivation-behavioral skills model of AIDS-preventive behavior with gay men and heterosex-ual university students. Health Psychology: Official Journal Of The Division Of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association 13: 238–250. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.13.3.238CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fukada, M 2018 Nursing competency: Definition, structure and development. Yonago Acta Medica 61: 001–007. https://doi.org/10.33160/yam.2018.03.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fulton, D, Manfredo, M and Lipscomb, J 1996 Wildlife value orien-tations: A conceptual and measurement approach. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 1: 24–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209609359060CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furnham, A, McManus, C and Scott, D 2003 Personality, empathy and attitudes to animal welfare. Anthrozoös 16: 135–146. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279303786992260CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, KA, Slagle, KM, Wilson, RS, Moeller, SJ and Bruskotter, JT 2016 Changes in attitudes toward animals in the United States from 1978 to 2014. Biological Conservation 201: 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.013Google Scholar
Gilligan, C 1982 In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USAGoogle Scholar
Greenebaum, J 2004 It’s a dog’s life: Elevating status from pet to ‘fur baby’ at yappy hour. Society & Animals 12: 117–135. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568530041446544CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guerra, CE, Dominguez, F and Shea, JA 2005 Literacy and knowledge, attitudes, and behavior about colorectal cancer screening. Journal of Health Communication 10: 651–663. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730500267720CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haidt, J 2003 The moral emotions. In: Davidson RJ and Goldsmith HH (eds) Handbook of Affective Sciences pp 852–870. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UKGoogle Scholar
Han, H 2015 Travelers’ pro-environmental behaviour in a green lodging context: Converging value-belief-norm theory and the theory of planned behavior. Tourism Management 47: 164–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.09.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanna, D, Sneddon, IA and Beattie, VE 2009 The relationship between the stockperson’s personality and attitudes and the pro-ductivity of dairy cows. Animal 3: 737–743. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731109003991CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayley, A, Zinkiewicz, L and Hardiman, K 2015 Research report: Values, attitudes, and frequency of meat consumption. Predicting meat-reduced diet in Australians. Appetite 84: 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Held, V 2006 The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UKGoogle Scholar
Hemsworth, PH and Coleman, GJ 2011 Human-Livestock Interactions: The Stockperson and the Productivity and Welfare of Intensively Farmed Animals. CABI: Wallingford, Oxon, UK. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845936730.0000Google Scholar
Hemsworth, PH, Coleman, GJ and Barnett, JL 1994 Improving the attitude and behaviour of stockpersons towards pigs and the consequences on the behaviour and reproductive performance of commercial pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 39: 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(94)90168-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemsworth, PH, Coleman, GJ, Barnett, JL, Borg, S and Dowling, S 2002 The effects of cognitive behavioral intervention on the attitude and behavior of stockpersons and the behavior and productivity of commercial dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science 80: 68–78. https://doi.org/10.2527/2002.80168xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hemsworth, PH, Sherwen, SL and Coleman, GJ 2018 Human contact. In: Appleby MC (ed) Animal Welfare, Third Edition pp 294–314. CAB International: Oxon, UK. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786390202.0294CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hens, K 2009 Ethical responsibilities towards dogs: An inquiry into the dog-human relationship. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 22: 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-008-9120-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heuberger, R, Petty, M and Huntingford, J 2016 Topical review: Companion animal owner perceptions, knowledge, and beliefs regarding pain management in end-of-life care. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 31: 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2017.02.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hills, A 1995 Empathy and belief in the mental experience of ani-mals. Anthrozoös 8: 132–142. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279395787156347CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Homer, PM and Kahle, LR 1988 A structural equation test of the value - attitude - behavior hierarchy. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 54: 638–646. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.4.638CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hosey, G and Melfi, V 2014 Human-animal interactions, relationships and bonds: A review and analysis of the literature. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 27: 1–26Google Scholar
Howell, TJ, Mornement, K and Bennett, PC 2016 Research: Pet dog management practices among a representative sample of owners in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 12: 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2015.12.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howell, TJ, Toukhsati, S, Conduit, R and Bennett, P 2013 Research: The perceptions of dog intelligence and cognitive skills (PoDIaCS) survey. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 8: 418–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2013.05.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubrecht, R, Wickens, S and Kirkwood, JK 2017 The welfare of dogs in human care. In: Serpell JA (ed) The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior and Interactions with People, Second Edition pp 272–299. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139161800.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurn, S 2012 Humans and Other Animals: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Human-Animal Interactions. Pluto Press: New York, USAGoogle Scholar
Jagoe, A and Serpell, JA 1996 Owner characteristics and inter-actions and the prevalence of canine behaviour problems. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 37: 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(95)01008-4Google Scholar
Kerswell, KJ, Bennett, P, Butler, KL and Hemsworth, PH 2009 Self-reported comprehension ratings of dog behavior by puppy owners. Anthrozoös 22: 183–193. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303709X434202CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, S, Vrij, A, Cherryman, J and Nunkoosing, K 2004 Attitudes towards animal use and belief in animal mind. Anthrozoös 17: 43–62. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279304786991945CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowles, SR, Hyde, MK and White, KM 2012 Predictors of young people’s charitable intentions to donate money: An extend-ed theory of planned behavior perspective. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 42: 2096–2110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00932.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobelt, AJ, Hemsworth, PH, Barnett, JL and Coleman, GJ 2003 A survey of dog ownership in suburban Australia: Conditions and behaviour problems. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 82: 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(03)00062-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobelt, AJ, Hemsworth, PH, Barnett, JL, Coleman, GJ and Butler, KL 2007 The behaviour of Labrador retrievers in subur-ban backyards: The relationships between the backyard environ-ment and dog behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 106: 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2006.07.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komorosky, D and O’Neal, KK 2015 The development of empathy and prosocial behavior through humane education, restorative justice, and animal-assisted programs. Contemporary Justice Review 18: 395–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2015.1093684CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kubinyi, E, Turcsán, B and Miklósi, Á 2009 Dog and owner demographic characteristics and dog personality trait associations. Behavioural Processes 81: 392–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2009.04.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maharaj, N and Haney, CJ 2015 A qualitative investigation of the significance of companion dogs. Western Journal of Nursing Research 37: 1175–1193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945914545176Google ScholarPubMed
Marie, H-L and Barry, EC 1997 A social psychological perspective on the role of knowledge about AIDS in AIDS prevention. Current Directions in Psychological Science 6: 23–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep11512614Google Scholar
Marinelli, L, Adamelli, S, Normando, S and Bono, G 2007 Quality of life of the pet dog: Influence of owner and dog’s char-acteristics. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 108: 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2006.11.018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nash, HA 2013 Duty of care. Salem Press Encyclopedia. https://online.salempress.comGoogle Scholar
O’Farrell, V 1997 Owner attitudes and dog behaviour problems. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 52: 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01123-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olsen, NV, Sijtsema, SJ and Hall, G 2010 Predicting con-sumers’ intention to consume ready-to-eat meals. The role of moral attitude. Appetite 55: 534–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.08.016Google Scholar
Pelletier, LG, Tuson, KM, Green-Demers, I, Noels, K and Beaton, AM 1998 Why are you doing things for the environ-ment? The Motivation Toward the Environment Scale (MTES). Journal of Applied Social Psychology 28: 437–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01714.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pet Food Manufacturers’ Association 2019 Pet Population 2019. https://www.pfma.org.uk/pet-population-2019Google Scholar
Raats, M, Shepherd, R and Sparks, P 1993 Attitudes, obligations and perceived control: Predicting milk selection. Appetite 20: 239–241. https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1993.1027Google ScholarPubMed
Ravel, A, D’Allaire, S and Bigras-Poulin, M 1996 Influence of management, housing and personality of the stockperson on preweaning performances on independent and integrated swine farms in Québec. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 29: 37–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(96)01053-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohlf, VI, Bennett, PC, Toukhsati, S and Coleman, G 2010 Why do even committed dog owners fail to comply with some responsible ownership practices? Anthrozoös 23: 143–155. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303710X12682332909972Google Scholar
Rohlf, VI, Toukhsati, S, Coleman, GJ and Bennett, PC 2010 Dog obesity: Can dog caregivers’ (owners’) feeding and exercise intentions and behaviors be predicted from attitudes? Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 13: 213–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2010.483871Google ScholarPubMed
Royal, KD, Kedrowicz, AA and Snyder, AM 2016 Do all dogs go to heaven? Investigating the association between demographic characteristics and beliefs about animal afterlife. Anthrozoös 29: 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2016.1189748CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RSPCA Victoria 2016 Annual Report 15/16. http://rspcavic.org/documents/About%20us/Annual%20Report/2016/RSPCAVIC_15-16_AnnualReport.pdfGoogle Scholar
Sanders, CR 1999 Animal abilities and human-animal interaction. In: Sanders CR (ed) Understanding Dogs pp 111–148. Temple University Press: Philadelphia, PA, USAGoogle Scholar
Sandøe, P, Corr, S and Palmer, C 2016 Companion animal wel-fare. In: Sandøe P, Corr S and Palmer C (eds) Companion Animal Ethics pp 58–72. Wiley: Chichester, UKGoogle Scholar
Schuster, C, Pinkowski, L and Fischer, D 2019 Intra-individual value change in adulthood: A systematic literature review of longitu-dinal studies assessing Schwartz’s Value Orientations. Zeitschrift fur Psychologie 227: 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000355CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, SH 1992 Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 Countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 25: 1–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, SH 1994 Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues 50: 19–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.xGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, SH, Cieciuch, J, Vecchione, M, Davidov, E, Fischer, R, Beierlein, C, Ramos, A, Verkasalo, M, Lonnqvist, J-E, Demirutku, K, Dirilen-Gumus, O and Konty, M 2012 Refining the theory of basic individual values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103: 663–688. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029393CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seabrook, MF 1991 The influence of the personality of the stock-person on the behaviour of pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 30: 187–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(91)90114-DCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serpell, JA 2004 Factors influencing human attitudes to animals and their welfare. Animal Welfare 13: 145–151CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serpell, JA 2009 Having our dogs and eating them too: Why ani-mals are a social issue. Journal of Social Issues 65: 633–644. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01617.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serpell, J 2017 The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior, and Interactions with People, Second Edition. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139161800Google Scholar
Serpell, J and Paul, E 1994 Pets and the development of positive attitudes to animals. In: Manning A and Serpell JA (eds) Animals and Human Society: Changing Perspectives. Routledge: London, UKGoogle Scholar
Sevenhuijsen, S 2018 Care and attention. South African Journal of Higher Education 32: 19–30. https://doi.org/10.20853/32-6-2711CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shrestha, R, Altice, FL, Huedo-Medina, TB, Karki, P and Copenhaver, M 2017 Willingness to use pre-exposure prophy-laxis (PrEP): An empirical test of the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) model among high-risk drug users in treat-ment. AIDS and Behavior 21: 1299–1308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1650-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sia, SK and Jose, A 2019 Attitude and subjective norm as person-al moral obligation mediated predictors of intention to build eco-friendly house. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 30: 678–694. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-02-2019-0038CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonntag, Q and Overall, KL 2014 Key determinants of dog and cat welfare: behaviour, breeding and household lifestyle. Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office Of Epizootics) 33: 213–220. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.33.1.2270Google ScholarPubMed
Sparks, P and Shepherd, R 2002 The role of moral judgements within expectancy-value-based attitude-behavior models. Ethics & Behavior 12: 299–321. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327019EB1204_01CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stafford, KJ 2007 The Welfare of Dogs. Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4362-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swiss Info 2016 No more obligatory courses for dog owners. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/pet-ownership_no-more-obligato-ry-courses-for-dog-owners/42459536Google Scholar
Takase, M and Teraoka, S 2011 Development of the holistic nursing competence scale. Nursing & Health Sciences 13: 396–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2011.00631.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tangney, JP, Stuewig, J and Mashek, DJ 2007 Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology 58: 345–372. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, N and Signal, TD 2005 Empathy and attitudes to ani-mals. Anthrozoös 18: 18–27. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279305785594342CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomasello, M 2019 The moral psychology of obligation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28: 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X19001742Google Scholar
van der Werff, E, Steg, L and Keizer, K 2013 It is a moral issue: The relationship between environmental self-identity, obli-gation-based intrinsic motivation and pro-environmental behav-iour. Global Environmental Change 23: 1258–1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.07.018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitulli, WF 2006 Attitudes toward empathy in domestic dogs and cats. Psychological Reports 99: 981–991. https://doi.org/10.2466PR0.99.3.981-991CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallace, LS 2002 Osteoporosis prevention in college women: application of the expanded health belief model. American Journal of Health Behavior 26: 163–172. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.26.3.1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, DL 2004 A review of environmental enrichment for ken-nelled dogs, Canis familiaris. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 85: 307–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.11.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welsh, CP, Gruffydd-Jones, TJ, Roberts, MA and Murray, JK 2014 Poor owner knowledge of feline reproduction contributes to the high proportion of accidental litters born to UK pet cats. The Veterinary Record 174: 118–118. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.101909CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, AM, McCrae, LS and McBride, EA 2015 Factors affecting the human attribution of emotions toward animals. Anthrozoös 28: 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2015.1052270CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, EO and Kellert, SR 2013 The Biophilia Hypothesis. Shearwater: Washington, DC, USAGoogle Scholar
Yoon, C 2011 Theory of Planned Behavior and ethics theory in digital piracy: An integrated model. Journal of Business Ethics 100: 405–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0687-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, A, Khalil, KA and Wharton, J 2018 Empathy for ani-mals: A review of the existing literature. Curator: The Museum Journal 61: 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/cura.12257CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, C, Cai, Y, Ma, J, Li, N, Zhu, J, He, Y, Redmon, P and Qiao, Y 2013 Predictors of intention to smoke among junior high school students in Shanghai, China: An empirical test of the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) Model. PLoS One 8: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080482Google ScholarPubMed