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Some Views on Race and Immigration During the Old Republic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Robert M. Levine
Robert M. Levine*
Affiliation:
S. U. N. Y. at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York
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Extract

By The 1920's, the Brazilian population included a rich spectrum of racial and national groups dominated by an elite profoundly European in origin and outlook. At the same time, it was marked by extensive intermixture among the lower classes and public lip-service to racial tolerance, a condition attributed by Gilberto Freyre and others to Brazil's heritage, its physical environment, and its paternalistic division of labor. Most Brazilians believed that economic achievement and ability, not color, determined class standing, subscribing to the hypothesis of Brazil as a racial democracy unique among the nations.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 27 , Issue 4 , April 1971 , pp. 373 - 380
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1971

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References

1 See, for example, Freyre, Gilberto, New World in the Tropics (The Culture of Modern Brazil), New York, 1963,Google Scholar Vintage Books edition. Hall’s, Michael M. “The Origins of Mass Immigration in Brazil, 1871–1914, Ph.D. dissertation. Columbia University, June 1969,Google Scholar offers a detached overview.

2 Sociedade Nacional de Agricultura, Immigracão: lnquerito Promovido pela Socidade Nacional de Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro, 1926, pp. 17–19 [hereafter cited as Survey].

3 de Almeida, Arthur Moreira, Atibaia, São Paulo, Survey, p. 87.Google Scholar

4 Survey, p. 40.

5 Vianna, Victor, Survey, p. 95.Google Scholar See also statement by Van Erven, Antônio, Cantagallo, , de Janeiro, Rio, Survey, p. 86.Google ScholarPubMed

6 Antônio Americano do Brasil, Distrito Federal, Survey, pp. 73–74.

7 Júnior, Alfredo Ellis, Survey, pp. 66–67.Google Scholar He is cited (no title given) in Niemeyer, Waldyr, O Japonez no Brasil, de Janeiro, Rio, 1932, second edition, p. 76.Google Scholar

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9 de Faria, Gabriel B., Distrito Federal, Survey, p. 157.Google Scholar He was careful to add a statement of his “admiration” for the Japanese nation.

10 Amado, João, Salvador, Bahia, Survey, p. 187.Google Scholar

11 Alves, Olavo Affonso, Survey, p. 274.Google Scholar

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18 Lima, Antônio Pereira, Monte Santo, Bahia, Survey, p. 83.Google ScholarPubMed

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22 de Faria, Gabriel Bandeira, Distrito Federal, Survey, p. 158.Google Scholar

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29 de Almeida Júnior, Lacerda, Survey, p. 223.Google Scholar

30 See de Almeida, Martins, Brasil Errado (Rio de Janeiro, 1932)Google Scholar; de Mello Franco, Affonso Arinos, Conceito da Civilizacão Brasileira, (Rio de Janeiro, 1936)Google Scholar; also, Ramos, Alberto Guerreiro, A Crise do Poder no Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, 1961, pp. 152–77.Google Scholar