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The Administration of Don Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull, Duque de la Palata: Viceroy of Peru, 1681-1689*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Margaret E. Crahan
Margaret E. Crahan*
Affiliation:
Lehman College, New York City, N. Y.
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Extract

On November 20, 1681 the cathedral bell of Lima announced the official arrival of the new Viceroy of Peru, Don Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull, Duque de la Palata. The streets were decked with bunting and flowers and many people crowded windows and balconies to catch a glimpse of the new Viceroy. Palata, astride a white horse, led a procession of town councilmen, lancers, footmen, and coaches through the capital to the main plaza. There he was greeted by an artillery salute that shook the entire city. Thanking the officials who had accompanied him, Palata entered the viceregal palace and appeared at a window to the acclamation of the multitude.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 27 , Issue 4 , April 1971 , pp. 389 - 412
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1971

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Footnotes

*

Research concerning this topic was made possible by a Fulbright Fellowship, Spain, 1963-64 and grants from the American Philosophical Society and Hunter College of the City University of New York.

References

1 Archivo General de las Indias, Seville, Spain (henceforth AGI), Lima, 81, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, Dec. 4, 1681 (Lima); Certification of Alonso Durán, Nov. 20, 1681 (Lima); de Mugaburu, Josephe and de Mugaburu, Francisco, Diario de Lima, 1640–1694: crónica de la época colonial (Lima: Imprenta C. Vásquez, 1935), 171–173; 218.Google Scholar

2 Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull was born in the small town of Torrelacárcel in 1627, the third son of lesser Aragonese aristocracy. The family had displayed, in the generations immediately preceding Palata’s, considerable upward mobility, which was culminated by Palata’s own rise. Death visited him in Porto Bello in 1691 as he was returning to Spain. For a more detailed account of Palata's early life and genealogy see Chapters II, III, and IV of Hilton’s, Ronald D. “The Career of Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull, Duque de la Palata, with Special Reference to His Viceregency in Peru 1681–1689,” (unpublished Master’s thesis, University of Bristol, 1967).Google Scholar

3 AGI, Lima 18, Directive of Charles II to Chamber of the Indies, Aug. 26, 1680 (Madrid): Lima, 344, Report of the Chamber of the Indies to Charles II, Aug. 26, 1680 (Madrid); Escribanía, 543-A, Titles of Viceroy, Captain-General, and President to the Duque de la Palata, Sept. 24, 1680 (Madrid). The historian of the reign of Charles II, Gabriel de Maura Gamazo, implies that Palata’s rise was due, in part, to the patronage of the Queen Mother Mariana and attributes his appointment as viceroy of Peru, to the desire of the first minister, Medinaceli, to be rid of a rival. Maura Gamazo, Gabriel de, Vida y reinado de Carlos II (Madrid, 1942), 1, 205 Google Scholar; 387.

4 AGI, Lima, 84, Letter of Palata to Charles II, May 24, 1685 (Lima); Lima, 21, Memo of the Chamber of the Indies to Charles II, October 20, 1687 n. p.; Lima, 13, Memo of Chamber of the Indies to Charles II, November 6, 1687 n. p.; Lima, 86, Royal cédula to officials of the Royal Treasury of Lima, Nov. 7, 1687 n. p.; Lima, 587-11, Royal cédula to officials to the Royal Treasury of Lima, Nov. 27, 1687 (Madrid); Royal cédula to officials of the Royal Treasury of Lima, Dec. 19, 1687 (Madrid); Lima, 88, Letter of Palata to Charles II, Feb. 18, 1686 (Lima) ; Memo of Chamber of the Indies to Charles II, Nov. 18, 1686 n. p.; Memo of Chamber of the Indies to Charles II, Jan. 10, 1689 n.p.

5 Although a royal cédula of December 12, 1619 forbade viceroys to appoint,relatives or servants to offices in their jurisdictions, Palata, prior to his departure from Spain, asked for and received permission to fill twelve positions with dependents. Palata was, in fact, accompanied to Peru by some fifty-seven individuals, to whom he distributed more than twelve posts. AGI, Lima, 18, Petition of Palata to Charles II, Oct. 1, 1680 (Madrid); Decree of Charles II to Council of the Indies, Oct. 2, 1680 (Madrid); Opinion of the Council of the Indies, Oct. 5, 1680 (Madrid) ; Lima, 344, Royal directive to the Council of the Indies, Oct. 8, 1680 n. p.; Memo of the Council of the Indies to Charles II, Oct. 16, 1680 n. p.; Memo of Council of the Indies to Charles II, Nov. 7, 1680 n. p.; de Navarra, Don Melchor y Rocafull, , de la Palata, Duque, Relación, Fuentes, Manuel A. (ed.), Memorias de los vireyes que han gobernado el Perú durante el tiempo del coloniaje español, 6 vols. (Lima: Librería Central de Felipe Bailly, Editor, 1859) II, 122 Google Scholar; 124–27; Villena, Guillermo Lohmann, El corregidor de indios en el Perú bajo los Austrias (Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica, 1957), 102–03.Google Scholar

6 Charles II was the unfortunate product of the Hapsburg policy of intermarriage-seven of his eight great grandparents were descendants of Juana, la Loca, daughter of Isabel and Ferdinand. Besides being rachitic, Charles apparently suffered from epilepsy. Hence, when Charles inherited the throne at the age of four in 1665, there was im-mdiate speculation concerning the duration of his reign and his successor. The question of succession was even more problematic when it became obvious that Charles would have no offspring. Upon the king’s death in 1700, Louis XIV of France succeeded in imposing a Bourbon on the throne of Spain. For a brief survey of this period see Elliott’s, J. H. Imperial Spain, 1469–1716 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1964).Google Scholar A more detailed study is Davies’, R. Trevor Spain in Decline, 1621–1700 (London: Macmillan and Co.. Ltd., 1957).Google Scholar The bibliography for the reign of Charles II is rather limited. Beside; Maura Gamazo’s, Gabriel de Vida y reinado de Carlos II and his Carlos II y su cone (2 vols.; Madrid, 1911–1915),Google Scholar there is Langdon-Davies’, John Carlos: The King Who Would Not Die (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1962).Google Scholar

7 Schäfer, Ernesto, El Consejo Real y Supremo de las Indias (Seville, 1935–1947), 1, 268–300.Google Scholar

8 de Navarra, Melchor y Rocafull, (Duque de la Palata), Noticias del sur; despacho, y felizes sucesos de la armada del año de 186S [sic]. En el govierno del Señor d. Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull, duque de la Vaiata (Lima, c. 1685–1688), par. 4.Google Scholar

9 The Conde de Castellar served as Viceroy of Peru from 1674 until he was replaced in 1678 by the Archbishop of Lima, Don Melchor de Linñán y Cisneros. The latter remained in office until Palata’s arrival in 1681. One dispute between Liñán y Cisneros and Castellar grew out of the letter’s failure to turn over his relación to the prelate. Each blamed the other for this omission. AGI, Lima, 80, Letter of Archbishop-Viceroy Liñán y Cisneros to the Conde de Castellar, June 21, 1679, n. p.; Letter of the Conde de Castellar to the Archbishop-Viceroy Liñán y Cisneros, July 21, 1679 (Paita); Letter of Archbishop-Viceroy Liñán y Cisneros to Conde de Castellar, Aug. 20, 1679 (Lima); Letter of the Conde de Castellar to Charles II, June, 9, 1680 (Lima); Letter of Conde de Castellar to Charles II, October 3, 1680 (Surco); de Castellar, Conde, Relación, 1, 149 Google Scholar; 259; Villena, Guillermo Lohmann, Las relaciones de los virreyes del Perú (Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1959), 103.Google Scholar The failure of Castellar to leave Lima during his residencia also disturbed Liñán y Cisneros, for he was convinced that there was collusion between the judge of the residencia and the ex-viceroy. Under threat of force Castellar did depart for Paita, but not before relations had been further exacerbated. AGI, Lima, 284. Letter of the Archbishop-Viceroy Liñán y Cisneros to Charles II, April 27, 1679 (Lima); Letter of Archbishop-Viceroy Liñán y Cisneros to Charles II, April 30, 1679 (Lima) ; Letter of Archbishop-Viceroy Liñán y Cisneros to Charles II, May 6, 1679 (Lima); Letter of Audiencia of Lima to Charles II, May 15, 1679 (Lima); Letter of Conde de Castellar to Charles II, June 30, 1679 (Paita).

10 AGI, Lima, 81, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, December 4, 1681 (Lima). Later when Liñán y Cisneros and Palata themselves became embroiled in difficulties, the prelate charged that Palata’s antagonism was, in part, the result of the asesor’s influence. AGI, Lima, 296, Letter of Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros to Charles II, May 2, 1685 (Lima) ; Letter of Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros to Charles II, May 4, 1685 (Lima).

11 For an examination of this practice see Parry’s, J. H. The Sale of Public Office in the Spanish Indies under the Hapsburgs (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1953).Google Scholar

12 AGI, Lima, 575-11, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, February 22, 1684 (Madrid); Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, January 25, 1684 (Madrid); Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, December 21, 1686 (Madrid); Lima, 82, Letter of Charles II to Viceroy Palata, December 12, 1682 (Lima); Lima, 86, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, September 28, 1687 (Lima).

13 AGI, Lima, 87, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, June 12, 1688 (Lima); Lima, 12, Satisfaction of the Chamber of Indies to Charles II, April 28, 1684, n. p.; Lima, 82, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, November 24, 1682 (Lima); Lima, 24, Memo of the Council of Indies to Charles II, n. d., n. p.

14 AGI, Lima, 576, Royal cédula to Duque de la Palata, August 19, 1690 (Madrid); Lima, 86, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, September 28, 1687, n. p.; Lima, 12, Memo of the Chamber of Indies to Charles II, August 22, 1684, n. p.; Lima, 86, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, September 24, 1687 (Lima) ; Letter of city of Trujillo to Charles II, August 16, 1687 (Trujillo) ; Letter of Don Antonio Merodio y Posada to secretary of the Chamber of Indies, August 31, 1687 (Trujillo).

15 AGI, Lima, 84, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, March 25, 1685 (Lima); Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, October 12, 1685 (Callao); Lima, 575-111, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, November 5, 1686 (Buen Retiro).

16 AGI, Lima, 87, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, June 20, 1688 (Lima); Palata, Relación, II, 66–68.

17 AGI, Lima, 84, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, May 26, 1685 (Lima) ; Lima, 575-111, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, September 22, 1687 (Madrid); Lima, 576, Royal cédula to Viceroy Monclova, May 3, 1690 (Oviedo) ; Lima, 82, Letter of Palata to Charles II, December 6, 1682 (Lima); Lima, 575–111, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, August 31, 1686 (Madrid); Palata, II, 100–02.

18 AGI, Lima, 86, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II with marginal notes by the fiscal of the Council of the Indies, April 4, 1685, n. p.; Royal cédula to President and Audiencia of Panama, September 24, 1686 (Madrid) ; Decree of the Council of the Indies. October 17, 1687, n. p.; Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, November 10, 1687 (Buen Retiro); Lima, 82, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, November 30, 1682, n.p. Lima, 85, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, April 2, 1685 (Lima); Palata, II, 85–86.

19 Ibid., 93–98.

20 AGI, Lima, 84, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, Jan. 24, 1685 (Lima) ; Lima, 576, Royal cédula to Viceroy Monclova, Oct. 16, 1689 (Madrid); Palata, II, 59–65.

21 AGI, Lima, 86, Copy of letter of Viceroy Palata to Audiencia of Lima, December 13, 1685 (Lima) ; Copy of letter of Viceroy Palata to Don Pedro Frasso, oidor of Audiencia of Lima, December 13, 1685 (Lima); Copy of letter of Don Pedro Frasso to Viceroy Palata, March 30, 1686 (Lima) ; Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, April 3, 1686 (Lima).

22 AGI, Lima, 82, Duplicate of letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, December 12, 1682 (Lima) ; Lima, 174, Letter of Licenciado Don Tomás Ballesteros to Charles II, December 20, 1682 (Lima); Lima, 575-11, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, January 25, 1684 (Madrid); Lima, 84, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, May 20, 1685 (Lima).

23 By his own account Palata authorized the expenditure of 1,610,000 pesos during his term for defense against the pirates. Palata, II, 136–38.

24 The Council approved Palata’s action in general, but noted that he had not sought royal permission before making the appointments. They further objected to the accountants being paid from the royal treasury. AGI, Lima, 288, Letter of tribunal de cuentas to Charles II, December 18, 1682 (Lima) ; Memo of the Council of the Indies, n. d., n. p.; Letter of tribunal de cuentas to Charles II, November 6, 1683 (Lima) ; Notes of the Council of the Indies and fiscal on letter of royal officials of Lima to Charles II, November 7, 1685 (Lima); Palata, II, 134–35.

25 The bulk of the documents concerning the tribunal de cuentas and sub-treasuries are in AGI, Lima, 288. Others can be found in the following legajos: AGI, Lima, 27, 82, 84, 85, 174, 286, 290, 291, 293, 425, 575-11 and 576-111.

26 AGI, Lima, 82, Copy of letter of Don Luis Antonio de Oviedo y Herrera to Viceroy Palata, January 11, 1682 (Lima); Letter of Viceroy Palata to tribunal of the Consulado of Lima, March 12, 1682 (Lima); Letter of Bartolomé González Poveda to Viceroy Palata, March 13, 1682 (La Plata); Letter of Don Pedro Luis Enriquez to Viceroy Palata, June 23, 1682 (Potosí); Copy of letter of Sebastián de Collado to Viceroy Palata, July 1, 1682 (Lima) ; Letter of Don Luis Antonio de Oviedo y Herrera to Viceroy Palata, August 12, 1682 (Lima) ; Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, November 20, 1682 (Lima); Lima, 575-11, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, February 26, 1684 (Madrid); Palata, II, 138-39; 148. In the first two years of its operation (November, 1683-November, 1685) 762,878 pesos were reportedly minted in Lima. Of this 176,609 pesos in imposts were claimed by the royal treasury. AGI, Lima, 174, Letter of Don Juan Jiménez Lobatón to Charles II, November 1, 1685 (Lima).

27 AGI, Lima, 586-11, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, February 26, 1681 (Madrid); Lima, 82, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles 11, November 30, 1682 (Lima); Lima, 21, Memo of Council of Indies, January 6, 1683 (Madrid); Lima, 575-11, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, September 23, 1683 (Madrid) ; Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, February 26, 1684 (Madrid); Lima, 85, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, January 17, 1685 (Lima); Lima, 104, Letter of Audiencia of Lima to Charles II, April 28, 1685 (Lima); Lima, 368, Draft of royal cédula to Viceroy Monclova, June 23, 1688, n. p.; Lima, 576, Royal cédula to Viceroy Monclova, December 31, 1695 (Madrid); Palata, II, 183-84; 191; Mugaburu, p. 230.

28 AGI, Lima, 286, Copy of Royal cédula to Consulado of Seville, June 4, 1680, n. p.; Letter of Bishop of Panama to Charles II, January 12, 1682 (Panama); Letter of President of Panama to Charles II, February 12, 1682 (Porto Bello) ; Letter of Consulado of Lima to Charles II, April 14, 1682 (Lima) ; Letter of Sebastián de Collado, contador, to Charles II, May 31, 1682 (Potosí); Lima, 82, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, November 30, 1682 (Lima); Lima, 1538, Opinion of the Consulado of Lima, October 6, 1683 (Lima) ; Lima, 368, Letter of Charles II to Conde de Monclova, June 23, 1688, n. p.; Lima, 576, Royal cédula to Viceroy Monclova, February 17, 1690 (Madrid); Palata, II, 210–23.

29 AGI, Lima, 82, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, November 30, 1682 (Lima); Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, December 15, 1682 (Lima) ; Lima, 83, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, November 12, 1683 (Lima) ; Lima, 306, Letter of Bishop of Cuzco to Charles II, April 24, 1684 (Cuzco); Lima, 575-111, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, July 7, 1685 (Madrid) ; Lima, 87 Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, March 18, 1688 (Lima); Lima, 83, Copy of report of Don Pedro Antonio del Castillo y San Juan to Viceroy Conde de Monclova, November 2, 1689, n.p.; Lima, 431, Memorial of Viceroy Monclova, April 27, 1690 (Lima).

30 Palata, II, 161–62.

31 Lima, 174, Asiento of Huancavelica, June 15, 1683 (Lima); Lima, 83, Letter of Council of Indies to Charles II, May 17, 1685 (Madrid) ; Lima, 587-1, Royal approval of the Asiento of Huancavelica, June 10, 1685 (Madrid); Lima, 575-111, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, June 10, 1685 (Madrid).

32 AGI, Lima, 587–1, Royal approval of the Asiento of Huancavelica, June 10, 1685 (Madrid).

33 AGI, Lima, 82, Copy of letter of Alonso de Castillo de Herrera, Governor of Huancavelica, to Viceroy Palata, November 24, 1681 (Huancavelica).

34 AGI, Lima, 82, Copy of royal cédula, August 24, 1679 (Madrid); Copy of royal cédula, October 9, 1682 (Madrid); Opinion of the fiscal, Don Juan González de Santiago, October 11, 1682 (Lima); Lima, 575-11, Royal cédula, November 11, 1682 (Madrid); Lima, 286, Letter of Consulado of Lima to Charles II, December 9, 1682, (Lima).

35 AGI, Lima, 82, Testimony of the Corregidor of Cicasica, General Don Francisco Méjia Tinoco, October 8, 1681 (Yllimani) ; Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, March 2, 1682 (Lima) ; Letter of Viceroy Palata to the secretary of the Council of Indies, March 2, 1683 (Lima); Lima, 21, Memo of the Council of Indies, November 3, 1683, n. p.; Lima, 12, Resolution of the Council of Indies, November 3, 1683, n. p.; Lima, 84, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, December 24, 1684 (Lima) ; Lima, 575–111, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, May 24, 1686 (Buen Retiro).

36 AGI, Lima, 286, Letter of Consulado of Lima to Charles II, January 25, 1682 (Lima).

37 AGI, Lima, 18, Royal decree to Council of Indies, August 7, 1684 (Madrid) ; Lima, 12, Memorial of Council of Indies, August 15, 1684, n. p.

38 AGI, Lima, 281, Testimony of the Junta of Commerce of Lima, March 7, 1685, n. p.; Letter of Viceroy Palata to Consulado of Lima, March 12, 1685 (Lima) ; Testi-mony of the Junta of Commerce of Lima, March 13, 1685, n. p.; Copy of letter of Viceroy Palata to March 13, 1685, n. p.; Copy of letter of Viceroy Palata to Consulado of Lima, April 26, 1685 (Callao).

39 AGI, Lima, 281, Copy of document of Junta of Commerce of Lima, March 20, 1691, n.p.; Letter of Viceroy Monclova to Charles II, March 24, 1691 (Lima); Letter of Don Juan de Aguilar, Commissioner of Consulado of Lima, to Charles II, April 13, 1691 (Porto Bello); Letter of President of Panama, Marqués de la Mina, to Charles II, May 2, 1691 (Panama).

40 AGI, Lima, 575-11, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, November 24, 1682 (Madrid); Lima, 576, Royal cédula to Viceroy Monclova, August 19, 1695 (Madrid); Lima, 576, Royal commission to Don Juan de la Peña Salazar, August 19, 1695 (Madrid).

41 AGI, Lima, 83, Copy of royal cédula, February 23, 1683, n. p.; Lima, 575-111, Royal cédula, May 21, 1686 (Buen Retiro).

42 AGI, Lima, 84, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, November 26, 1684 (Lima); Lima, 579, Royal cédula, July 11, 1689 (Madrid); Lima, 13, Memorial of Council of Indies, February 23, 1690, n. p.

43 AGI, Lima, 286, Letter of Consulado of Lima to Charles II, December 4, 1687 (Lima) ; Testimony of the Consulado of Lima, December 4, 1687 (Lima) ; Lima, 87, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, May 20, 1688 (Lima); Lima 575-111, Royal cédula, September 1, 1688 (Madrid); Lima, 576, Royal cédula to Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros, September 29, 1689 (Madrid); Royal cédula to Viceroy Monclova, October 16, 1689 (Madrid); Lima, 24, Draft of letter of Council of Indies to Cabildo of Lima, n. d., n. p.; Lima, 428, Letter of Cabildo of Lima to Council of Indies, n. d., n. p. Palata, II, 113–20.

44 AGI, Lima, 575-11, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, November 30, 1684 (Madrid); Royal cédula to President of Panama, February 18, 1685 (Madrid) ; Royal cédula to Governor of Cartagena, February 18, 1685 (Madrid) ; Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, February 18, 1685 (Madrid); del Castillo, Cespedes, Guillermo, , “La defensa njilitar del Istmo de Panama a fines del siglo XVII y comienzos de XVIII,” Anuario de Estudios Americanos, 9 (1952), 242–43Google Scholar; 250.

45 AGI, Lima, 13, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, September 12, 1685 (Lima); Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, September 26, 1685 (Lima); Report on the Armada of 1685, 1685, n. p.; Lima, 281, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, November 8, 1685 (Callao); Lima, 575-111, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, January 25, 1686 (Madrid); Palata, , Noticias del sur, par 22, 24, 49, 54–55, 57–60, 68–72, 74–79Google Scholar; Palata, , Relación, 2, 289–332, 340–41Google Scholar; Mugaburu, pp. 232, 237, 240–41, 245–46, 250–53, 257, 263–64, 269.

46 AGI, Lima, 335, Letter of Fray Diego de Cuellar to Charles II, June 24, 1686 (Huara) ; Lima, 304, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros, February 21, 1687, n. p.; Letter of Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros to Viceroy Palata, February 24, 1687, n. p.; Letter of Viceroy Palata to Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros, February 28, 1687, n. p.; Letter of Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros to Charles II, October 14, 1687 (Callao); Cespedes, p. 243.

47 AGI, Lima, 13, Memorial to Viceroy Palata re the formation of a Compañía del Mar, March 12, 1687 (Lima); Lima, 86, Report of Domingo del Villar Téjada, soldier of squadron Nuestra Señora de Guía, n. d., n. p.; Report of the Maestre de Campo, Don Francisco de Zúñiga, n. d., n. p.; Memorial of the Junta of the squadron, Nuestra Señora de Guía, July 4, 1688 (Lima); Lima, 576, Royal cédula to the Junta of the Compañía del Mar, November 6, 1689 (Madrid); Palata, II, 333-40; Mugaburu, pp. 246–47.

48 AGI, Lima, 86 Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, April 2, 1686, n. p. The entire legajo, Lima, 299, is devoted to documents concerning the wall. Bermúdez, José Manuel, Anales de la catedral de Lima: 1534 á 1824 (Lima: Imprenta del Estado, 1903), p. 158 Google Scholar; Céspedes, pp. 259-62; Palata, II, 375-96; Mugaburu, p. 233.

49 AGI, Lima, 86, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, September 24, 1687 (Lima) ; Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, September 27, 1687 (Lima) ; Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, September 28, 1687 (Lima); Memo of the Marqués de la Granja of the Junta of War of the Indies, September 6, 1688 (Madrid); Lima, 575-111, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, September 30, 1688 (Madrid); Lima, 298, Letter of City of Trujillo to Charles II, December 4, 1690 (Trujillo).

50 AGI, Lima, 575-11, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, March 26, 1681, n. p.; Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, December 17, 1681 (Madrid) ; Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, December 31, 1681, n. p.; Lima 84, Copy of royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, March 21, 1682, n. p.; Lima, 81, Testimony of Captain Don Francisco del Rivero y Otorgo, January 22, 1682 (Lima) ; Copy of Letter of Viceroy Palata to tribunal de cuentas, August 21, 1682 (Lima) ; Opinion of the fiscal, Don Juan González de Santiago, September 18, 1682 (Lima) ; Certification of the arms in the arsenal of Callao, October 30, 1682 (Callao).

51 AGI, Lima, 575-11, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, March 28, 1681 (Madrid); Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, March 10, 1684 (Madrid); Lima, 587-1, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, August 29, 1684 (Madrid); Lima, 82, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, November 12, 1682 (Lima) ; Lima, 81, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, December 15, 1682 (Lima); Lima, 83, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, April 12, 1683 (Lima); Lima, 575-111, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, August 26, 1686 (Madrid) ; Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, September 5, 1686 (Madrid) ; Lima, 281, Letter of President of Panama, Marqués de la Mina, to Charles II, April 7, 1691 (Porto Bello) ; Cespedes, pp. 237-38; 254; 258-59; 265.

52 AGI, Lima, 82, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, November 24, 1682, n.p.; Lima, 85, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, March 24, 1685 (Lima); Lima, 575-111, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, September 19, 1686 (Madrid); Palata, II, 407-16.

53 Palata, II, 11.

54 AGI, Lima, 12, Report of the ecclesiastical cabildo of Lima, n. d., n. p.; Letter of Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros to Charles II, June 18, 1682 (Lima) ; Lima, 82, Letter of Viceroy Pakta to Charles II, November 26, 1682 (Lima).

55 AGI, Lima, 84, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, informing him of vacant prebendaries in Peru, April 30, 1685 (Callao).

56 AGI, Lima, 84, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Secretary of Council of Indies re turning over royal presentations for ecclesiastical benefices, October 30, 1685 (Callao).

57 AGI, Lima, 87, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Secretary of Council of Indies on collection of the mesada on some ecclesiastical benefices, June 28, 1688 (Lima) ; Archivo Nacional, Lima (henceforth ANL), Asuntos eclesiásticos, 16, Papers re payment of sales taxes by cathedral chapter of Lima, 1685–1688, n. p.

58 AGI, Lima, 575–11, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, July 14, 1683 (Madrid).

59 AGI, Lima, 587-11, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata and Audiencia of Lima, May 3, 1688 (Aranjuez).

60 AGI, Lima, 304, Letter of Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros to Charles II, October 17, 1687 (Callao).

61 AGI, Lima, 12, Memorial of the Council of Indies to Charles II, January 12, 1683, n.p.

62 AGI, Lima, 587-1, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, February 16, 1684 (Madrid).

63 AGI, Lima, 84, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, December 20, 1684 (Lima) ; Lima, 86, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, February 16, 1686 (Lima); Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, October 5, 1687 (Lima). See also Tibesar’s, Antonine “The Alternativa: A Study of Spanish-Creole Relations in Seventeenth Century Peru,” The Americas, 11, 3 (January, 1955), 229–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

64 AGI, Lima, 575-11, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, June 18, 1682, n.p.

65 AGI, Lima, 342, Testimony re dispute between Bishop of Cuzco and four prebends, n. d., n. p.; Lima, 82, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, November 30, 1682 (Lima); Lima, 575-11, Royal cédula to Viceroy Palata, January 25, 1684, n.p.; Lim2, 342, Letter of Bishop Mollinedo of Cuzco to Charles II, April 24, 1684 (Cuzco); ANL, Asuntos eclesiásticos, 15, Memorial of the ecclesiástical cabildo of Cuzco, October 4, 1679 (Cuzco).

66 In the period January, 1680—May, 1683 fifty nine viceregal dispatches were sent to ecclesiastical superiors in response to Indian complaints about their parish priests (AGI, Lima, 296, Memorial re complaints of Indians against priests, n. d., n. p.). Reports of clerical excesses were common throughout the colonial period and originated with churchmen as well as laymen. During the dispute with Palata, Liñán y Cisneros frequently conceded that such abuse was not uncommon. His predecessor as metro-politan of Lima, Don Juan de Almoguera, was the author of a treatise which recounted the most common defects of the colonial clergy ( de Almoguera, Juan, Instrucción de sacerdotes [Madrid, 1671]).Google Scholar A contemporary of Almoguera’s, Don Alonso de la Peña Montenegro, Bishop of Quito, drew up a handbook for priests, which also detailed clerical excesses ( Peña Montenegro, Alonso de la, Itinerario para parochos de indios [Madrid, 1668]).Google Scholar See also ANL, Asuntos eclesiásticos, 16, Papers re complaints of Indians of doctrina of Santo Tomás de Cochamarca (1685) n.p.; Asuntos eclesiásticos, 15, Complaint of Juana de Quevedo against Licenciado Alonso Gil, cleric, 1664 n. p.; Testimony on behalf of Juana de Quevedo (1664), n.p.; AGI, Lima, 576, Royal cédula to Audiencia of Lima, April 5, 1696 (Madrid). Maltreatment of Indians was not limited to religious; abuse by civil officials and other individuals was just as frequent. Furthermore, it should be noted that those clerics who performed their duties well received far less attention than those who did not.

67 AGI, Lima, 85, Provision of Viceroy Palata, February 20, 1684 (Lima) ; Biblioteca Nacional, Lima (henceforth BNL), B288, Provision of Viceroy Palata, February 20, 1684 (Lima).

68 AGI, Lima, 85, Letter of Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros to Viceroy Palata, August 3, 1684 (Lima) ; Letter of Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros to Viceroy Palata, August 14, 1684 (Lima); Letter of Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros to Viceroy Palata, December 11, ] 684 (Lima) ; Lima, 86, Letter of Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros to Viceroy Palata, March 10, 1687 (Lima); Lima, 88, Letter of Bishop Mollinedo of Cuzco to Charles II, December 4, 1684 (Cuzco) ; Lima, 296, Letter of Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros to Viceroy Palata, December 23, 1684; Auto including the bull, In Coena Domini published by Bishop León of Arequipa on September 29, 1684, September 28, 1684 (Arequipa) ; Letter of Bishop León of Arequipa to Viceroy Palata, October 16, 1684 (Arequipa); Letter of Bishop León of Arequipa to Viceroy Palata, December 2, 1684 (Arequipa) ; Letter of Bishop León of Arequipa to Viceroy Palata, December 15, 1684 (Arequipa) ; Liñán, Melchor de y Cisneros, , Ofensa y defensa de la libertad eclesiástica (Seville, 1685).Google Scholar

69 AGI, Lima, 85, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros, August 5, 1684 (Lima) ; Letter of Viceroy Palata to Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros, September 14, 1684 (Lima) (also BNL, B1683); Letter of Viceroy Palata to Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros, December 13, 1684 (Lima); Lima, 296, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros, December 28, 1684, n. p.

70 AGI, Lima, 13, Memorial of Council of Indies to Charles II, January 6, 1690 (Madrid); Lima, 576; Royal cédula to Viceroy Monclova, January 26, 1690 (Madrid); Lima 88, Letter of Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros to Charles II, June 26, 1690 (Lima) ; Copy of royal cédula to Viceroy Monclova, April 10, 1692 (Madrid); Copy of royal cédula to Archbishop Liñán y Cisneros, April 10, 1692 (Madrid).

71 During the reign of Charles III (1760-1788) defenses of Palata’s February 20th provison were frequently used to support the Caroline policy of ecclesiastical reform ( Farriss, N. M., Crown and Clergy in Colonial Mexico, 1759–1821: The Crisis of Ecclesiastical Privilege [London: The Athlone Press, 1968], pp. 40–41 Google Scholar; 96n).

72 Guillermo Lohmann Villena in his work El arte dramático en Lima durante el virreinato notes that a low point in dramatic activity was reached during Palata’s viceroyalty ( Villena, Guillermo Lohmann, El arte dramático en Lima durante el virreinato [Madrid: Estades; Artes Gráficas, 1945], p. 305).Google Scholar See also Laos, Felipe Barreda, Vida intellectual del virreinato del Perú (Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 1964), pp. 108–95.Google Scholar

73 AGI, Lima, 12, Authorization of the Council of Indies, October 23, 1683, n. p.; Lima, 587-1, Royal cédula, March 5, 1684 (Madrid); Lima, 337, Royal dispatch, July 4, Lima, 337, Letter of rector of University of San Marcos to Charles II, October 14, 1687, 1687, n. p.; Lima, 86, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, September 18, 1687 (Lima) ; n. p.; Letter of Doctor Don Pablo de Paredes to Charles II, October 16, 1687 (Lima) ; 576, Royal cédula to Viceroy Monclova, October 22, 1694 (Madrid); Royal cédula to University of Lima, October 22, 1694 (Madrid) ; Eguiguren, Luis Antonio, Diccionario histórico cronológico de la real y pontificia Universidad de San Marcos y sus colegios: crónica e investigación (Lima: Imprenta Torres Aguirre, 1940), 1, 362–64Google Scholar; 905; Palata, II, 55–58.

74 AGI, Lima, 575-11, Royal cédula, June 19, 1681 (Madrid); Lima, 82, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, November 4, 1682 (Lima); Lima, 86, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, September 18, 1687 (Lima); Memorial of the University of San Marcos to Viceroy Palata, 1687 (Lima) ; Memorial of University of San Marcos to Viceroy Palata, 1688 (Lima); Lima, 87, Letter of Viceroy Palata to Charles II, April 21, 1688 (Lima); Lima, 576-1, Royal cédula, June 19, 1689 (Madrid); Royal cédula, June 1, 1690 (Madrid); Palata, II, 55.

75 On the role of conflict and tension in the Spanish colonies see Phelan’s, John Leddy, “Authority and Flexbility in the Spanish Imperial Bureaucracy,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 5 (June, 1960), 47–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

76 AGI, Escribanía, 545-A, Certification of the Comisión de cobranzas, 1696, n. p.; Escribanía, 543-A, Charges arising out of Palata’s residencia, 1689, n.p.; Escribanía, 1192, Verdicts in Palata’s residencia, June 13, 1696, n.p. Material relating to Palata’s residencia can be found in AGI, Escribanía, 543, A, B, C, 544, A, B, C, 545 A and B, and 1192 and Lima, 27, 87, 104, and 576.

77 Palata, Noticias del sur, par. 7–14; 17; 20.