Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T14:41:35.730Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ritual healing and political acquiescence: the case of the Zionist Churches in southern Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Matthew Schoffeleers
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Résumé

Les églises sionistes, en particulier celles qui mettent l'accent sur la guérison se montrent d'une disposition envers la politique d'état sud africaine d'un consentement frappant. Cet article examine à la fois l'évidence et les explications présentées par les sciences humaines et par les théologiens. Mais avant tout, cet article se concentre sur l‘organisation du service de la santé en tant qu‘appareil de contrôole social, une considération qui a tendu à être négligée dans ce contexte.

Type
Research Article
Information
Africa , Volume 61 , Issue 1 , January 1991 , pp. 1 - 25
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adam, H., and Moodley, K. 1986. South Africa without Apartheid: dismantling racial domination. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Aquina, Mary (Sister). 1967. ‘The people of the spirit: an independent Church in Rhodesia’, Africa 37 (2): 203–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aquina, Mary (Sister). 1969. ‘Zionists in Rhodesia’; Africa 39 (2): 113–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balandier, G. 1955. Sociologie actuelle de l'Afrique noire: dynamique sociale en Afrique centrale. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France; second edition, 1963.Google Scholar
Baechler, J. 1970. Les Phénoménes révolutionnaires. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Barrett, D. B. 1963. Schism and Renewal in Africa: an analysis of six thousand contemporary religious movements. London and Nairobi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barrett, D. B. 1982. World Christian Encyclopedia. Oxford and Nairobi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Berglund, A. I. 1976. Zulu Thought Patterns and Symbolism. Cape Town: David Philip.Google Scholar
Blacking, J. 1981. ‘Political and musical freedom in the music of some black South African Churches’, in Holy, L. and Stucklik, M. (eds.), The Structure of Folk Models. London and New York: Academic Press, ASA Monographs No. 20, pp. 35–62.Google Scholar
Bohannan, P. 1964. Africa and the Africans. Garden City N.Y.: Natural History Press.Google Scholar
Bucher, H. 1980. Spirits and Power: an analysis of Shona cosmology. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Buijtenhuijs, R. 1976. ‘Messianisme et nationalisme en Afrique noire: une remise en question’, African Perspectives 2: 25–44.Google Scholar
ComarofF, J. 1980. ‘Healing and the cultural order: the case of the Barolongboo Ratshidi’, American Ethnologist 7 (4), 637–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ComarofF, J. 1981. ‘Healing and cultural transformation: the Tswana of southern Africa’, Soc. Sci. Med. 15 B: 367–78.Google ScholarPubMed
ComarofF, J. 1985. Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance: the culture and history of a South African people. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, R. 1977. ‘You are dangerous to your health: the ideology and politics of victim blaming’, International Journal of Health Services 7 (4): 663–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daneel, M. L. 1970. Zionism and Faith-healing in Rhodesia. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daneel, M. L. 1971. Old and New in Southern Shona Independent Churches I: Background and Rise of the Major Movements. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Daneel, M. L. 1974. Old and New in Southern Shona Independent Churches II: Church Growth—causative factors and recruitment techniques. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Daneel, M. L. 1976. ‘Independent Church leadership south of the Zambezi’, African Perspectives 2: 81–99.Google Scholar
Daneel, M. L. 1984. ‘Communication and liberation in African Independent Churches’, Missionalia: Journal of the Southern African Missiological Society 12 (3): 57–93.Google Scholar
Daneel, M. L. 1988. Old and New in Southern Shona Independent Churches III: Leadership and Fission Dynamics. Gweru: Mambo Press.Google Scholar
Davies, R., et al. 1984. The Struggle for South Africa: a reference guide. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
De Beer, C, 1986. The South African Disease: apartheid, health and health services. London.Google Scholar
De Beer, David, 1986. ‘Kerkelijk verzet tegen apartheid’, in Beer, D. de et al., Hetuur van de waarheid: het Kairos document van Zuid-Afrikaanse christenen, Baarn: Ten Have.Google Scholar
De Jouvenel, B. 1957. Sovereignty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dillon-Malone, C. M. 1978. The Korsten Basketmakers. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Dubb, A. 1976. A Community of the Saved: an African revivalist Church in the east Cape, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press for African Studies Institute.Google Scholar
Etherington, N. A. 1979. ‘The historical sociology of Independent Churches in South-east Africa’, Journal of Religion in Africa 10 (2): 108–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanon, F. 1965. The Wretched of the Earth. Harmondsworth: Penguin (original French edition 1961).Google Scholar
Fanon, F. 1967. Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove Press (original French edition 1952).Google Scholar
Finkler, K. 1985. Spiritual Healers in Mexico: successes and failures of alternative therapeutics. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Finkler, K. 1986. ‘The social consequence of wellness: a view of healing outcomes from micro and macro perspectives’, International Journal of Health Services 16 (4): 627–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finkler, K. 1987. ‘Spiritualist healing outcomes and the status quo: a micro and macro analysis’, Social Compass 34 (4): 381–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Firth, R. 1970. Rank and Religion in Tikopia. London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Fogelqvist, A. A. 1988. The Red-dressed Zionists: symbols of power in a Swazi Independent Church. Uppsala Research Reports in Cultural Anthropology, No. 5.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1963. Naissance de la clinique. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Frankenberg, R. and Leeson, J. 1976. ‘Disease, illness and sickness: social aspects of choice of healer in a Lusaka suburb’, in Loudon, J. B. (ed.), Social Anthropology and Medicine. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Freidson, E. 1970. Profession of Medicine: a study of the sociology of applied knowledge. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Gerth, H. H., and Mills, C. W. 1946. From Max Weber: essays in sociology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Gluckman, M. 1965. Politics, Law and Ritual in Tribal Society. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hammond-Tooke, W. D. 1987. ‘The aetiology of spirit in southern Africa’, African Studies 45 (2): 157–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hastings, A. 1979. A History of African Christianity, 1950–1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hopkins, E. 1971. ‘The Nyabingi cult of south-western Uganda’, in Rotberg, (1971): 60–132.Google Scholar
IAMS. 1985. ‘Christian mission and human transformation, report of the sixth IAMS conference, Harare, 8–14 January 1985’, Mission Studies: Journal of the International Association for Mission Studies 2 (1).Google Scholar
Janzen, J. 1978. The Quest for Therapy in Lower Zaire. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiernan, J. P. 1974. ‘Where Zionists draw the line’, African Studies 33 (2): 79–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiernan, J. P. 1975. ‘Old wine in new wineskins: a critical appreciation of Sundkler's leadership types in the light of further research’, African Studies 34 (3): 193–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiernan, J. P. 1976a. ‘The work of Zion: an analysis of an African Zionist ritual’, Africa 46 (4): 340–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiernan, J. P. 1976b. ‘Prophet and preacher: an essential partnership in the work of Zion’, Man (n.s.) XI (3): 356–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiernan, J. P. 1977. ‘Poor and puritan: an attempt to view Zionism as a collective response to urban poverty’, African Studies 36 (1) 31–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiernan, J. P. 1981. ‘Themes and trends in the study of black religion in southern Africa’, Journal of Religion in Africa 12 (2): 136–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiernan, J. P. 1982. ‘The problem of “evil” in the context of ancestral intervention in the affairs of the living in Africa’, Man (n.s.) 17 (2): 287–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiernan, J. P. 1985. ‘The new Zion’, Leadership 4 (3).Google Scholar
Kiernan, J. P. 1987. Review of Comaroff (1985), Africa 57 (1): 131–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kileff, C. and M. 1979. ‘The Masowe Vapostori of Seki’, in Jules-Rosette, B. (ed.), The New Religions of Africa. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex.Google Scholar
Lan, D. 1985. Guns and Rain. London: Currey.Google Scholar
Leenhardt, M. 1902. Le Mouvement ethiopien au sud de VAfrique de 1896 a 1899. Cahors (reprinted by R. Cornevin 1975/6).Google Scholar
Mackay, P. and Motsi, P. 1988. ‘Some contemporary trends in Independent Churches in Zimbabwe: the cases of ZCC (Zion Christian Church) and AACJM (Johane Maranke's Vapostori)’, in Hallencreutz, C. and Moyo, A. (eds.), Church and State in Zimbabwe. Gweru: Mambo Press, pp. 361–74.Google Scholar
Mafeje, A. B. M. 1975. ‘Religion, class and ideology in South Africa’, in Whisson, Michael G. and West, Martin (eds.), Religion and Social Change in Southern Africa. Cape Town: David Philip.Google Scholar
Mills, W. G. 1978. ‘The fork in the road; religious separatism and nationalism in die Cape Colony, 1890–1910’, Journal of Religion in Africa 9 (1): 51–61.Google Scholar
Mullings, L. 1984. Therapy, Ideology and Social Change: mental healing in urban Ghana. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphree, M. W. 1969. Christianity and the Shona. London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Ngada, N. H. et al. 1985. Speaking for Ourselves. Braamfontein: Skotaville, pp. 30–1.Google Scholar
Ngubane, B. 1986. ‘Theological roots of the African Independent Churches and their challenge to black theology’, in Mosala, Itumeleng J. and Thlagale, Buti (eds.), The Unquestionable Right to be Free; essays in black theology. Johannesburg: Skotaville, pp. 71–90.Google Scholar
Ngubane, H. 1977. Body and Mind in Zulu Medicine. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Oosthuizen, G. C. 1968. Post-Christianity in Africa: a theological and anthropological study. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Parsons, T. 1951. The Social System. Glencoe, 111.: Free Press.Google Scholar
Pauw, B. A. 1960. Religion in a Tswana Chiefdom. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute.Google Scholar
Payer, L. 1988. Medicine and Culture: varieties of treatment in the United States, England, West Germany and France. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Pereira de Queiroz, M. I. 1965. ‘Maurice Leenhardt et les églises éthiopiennes’, Le Monde Non-chrétien 74: 67–83.Google Scholar
Perinbam, M. P. B. 1978. ‘Violence, morality and history in the colonial syndrome: Frantz Fanon's perspectives’, Journal of Southern African Affairs 3 (1): 7–34.Google Scholar
Pool, R. 1989. There Must Have Been Something: interpretations of illness and misfortune in a Cameroon village. Amsterdam: published privately.Google Scholar
Ranger, T. O. 1967. Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, 1896–7. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Ranger, T. O. 1989. ‘The Politics of Prophecy in Matabeleland’, Satterthwaite Colloquium on African Religion and Ritual, April 1989.Google Scholar
Rigby, P. 1975. ‘Prophets, diviners and prophetism: the recent history of Kiganda religion’, Journal of Anthropological Research 31 (2): 116–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotberg, R. I (ed.). 1971. Rebellion in Black Africa. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Saunders, C. 1978. ‘African nationalism and religious independency in Cape Colony: a comment’, Journal of Religion in Africa 9 (3): 207–10.Google Scholar
Schoffeleers, J. M. 1987. ‘Peasants, mediums and guerillas’, Journal of Southern African Studies 14 (1): 147–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoffeleers, J. M. 1988. ‘The Zion Christian Church and the apartheid regime’, Leidschrift (Leiden) 4 (3): 42–57.Google Scholar
Schoffeleers, J. M. and Mwanza, R. 1979. ‘An organisational model of the Mwari shrines’, in Schoffeleers, J. M. (ed.), Guardians of the Land. Gweru: Mambo Press, pp. 297–315.Google Scholar
Scott, J. C. 1976. The Moral Economy of the Peasant. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Seedat, A. 1984. Crippling a Nation: health in apartheid South Africa. London: International Defence and Aid Fund for South Africa.Google Scholar
Shepperson, G. 1968. ‘Ethiopianism: past and present’, in Baeta, C. G. (ed.), Christianity in Tropical Africa. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute, pp. 249–64.Google Scholar
Shepperson, G. and Price, T. 1958. Independent African: John Chilembwe and the origins, setting and significance of the Nyasaland native rising of 1915. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; second edition 1987.Google Scholar
Sontag, S. 1977. Illness as Metaphor. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Sontag, S. 1989. Aids and its Metaphors. New York: Farrar Strauss & Giroux.Google Scholar
Sumner, W. G. 1906. Folkways. Boston: Ginn.Google Scholar
Sundkler, B. 1961. Bantu Prophets in South Africa. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute, second edition.Google Scholar
Sundkler, B. 1976. Zulu Zion and some Smazi Zionists. Uppsala: Gleerups.Google Scholar
Thion, S. 1969. Le Pouvoir pale: essai sur le systeme sud-africain. Paris: Editions du Seuil.Google Scholar
Turner, V. W. 1967. ‘Lunda medicine and the treatment of disease’, in The Forest of Symbols. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 131–50.Google Scholar
Turner, V. W. 1975. Revelation and Divination in Ndembu Ritual. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Binsbergen, W. M. J. 1981. Religious Change in Zambia: exploratory studies. London: Kegan Paul International.Google Scholar
Waite, G. 1975. ‘The socio-political role of healing Churches in South Africa’, Ufahamu 6 (3): 58–67.Google Scholar
Waitzkin, H. B., and Watermann, B. 1974. The Exploitation of Illness in Capitalist Society. Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill.Google Scholar
Werbner, R. P. 1985. ‘The argument of images: from Zion to the wilderness in African Churches’, in Binsbergen, W. van and Schoffeleers, M. (eds.), Theoretical Explorations in African Religion. London: Kegan Paul International, pp. 253–86.Google Scholar
Werbner, R. P. 1986. ‘The political economy of bricolage’, Journal of Southern African Studies 13 (1): 151–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, M. 1975a. Bishops and Prophets in a Black City: African Independent Churches in Soweto. Johannesburg and Cape Town: David Philip with Rex Collings, London.Google Scholar
West, M. 1975b. ‘African Churches in Soweto, Johannesburg’, in Kileff, Clive and Pendleton, Wade C. (eds.), Urban Man in Southern Africa. Gweru: Mambo Press, pp. 19–38.Google Scholar
West, M. 1975c. ‘The shades come to town: ancestors and urban independent Churches’, in Whisson, M. G. and West, M. (eds.), Religion and Social Change in Southern Africa. Cape Town: David Philip, London: Rex Collings, pp. 185–206.Google Scholar
Zola, I. 1972. ‘Medicine as an institution of social control’, Sociological Review 20 (4) 487–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed