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Understanding Alice: Uganda's Holy Spirit Movement in context

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

This article examines the Holy Spirit movement of Alice Lakwena, which emerged i n Uganda between 1987 and 1989. The popular account of Alice, as told in the Western media especially, ignored die social and historical contexts which are essential to understanding die forces which gave rise to her and her following. The spirit possession revealed by Alice Lakwena took forms which were familiar t o the people of this part of Uganda, aldiough die political and social dislocations of the late 1980s were significant in shaping her actions and in determining the full range of issues with which her spiritualism came to be associated. This can be seen by examining die actions of Alice herself, but also by recognising diat odier spirit mediums were active in the region at die same time. Spirit mediums helped to establish a degree of social accountability in a world where die state had largely lost its credibility and collapsed and where witchcraft and sorcery were widely believed to be die most common causes of mortality. These spirit mediums were influenced by Christian conceptions of morality: it was partly because spirit divination had become closely associated widi die Catholic Church diat Alice and odier mediums were able to marshal such large followings and to appeal to such a broad spectrum of society. The case of Alice Lakwena is fascinating and informative not because of its novelty but because of its mixture of old and new forms, its continuities with die past and widi wider social processes, and its responses to new social traumas.

Résumé

Cet article examine le mouvement de l'esprit divin d'Alice Lakwena qui apparut en Ouganda entre 1987 et 1989. L'histoire popularisée d'Alice, telle que racontée par la presse occidentale en particulier, a ignoré les contextes historiques et sociaux essentiels à la compréhension des forces qui ont permis Pavènement d'Alice et de ses adeptes. La possession spirituelle révélée par Alice Lakwena prit des formes bien connues par les peuples de ces régions de l'Ouganda. Par ailleurs, les troubles socio-politiques de la fin des années 1980 eurent une influence importante sur les actions d'Alice et ont servi à déterminer un ensemble complet de questions avec lesquelles sa spiritualité allait être associée. Ces faits sont apparents si Ton examine les actions d'Alice elle-même et si Ton reconnait que d'autres médiums étaient actifs dans la même région à la même époque. Ces médiums contribuerent à établir un sens de responsabilité sociale alors même que l'Etat avait perdu sa crédibilité avant de s'effondrer. Sorcellerie et pratiques magiques étaient perçues comme la principale cause de la mortalité. Ces médiums étaient influencés par des concepts moraux Chrétiens. Comme la divination était devenue étroitement liée à PEglise cadiolique, Alice et d'autres médiums purent réunir un grand nombre d'adeptes et attirer les représentants d'une grande variété de couches sociales. Le cas d'Alice Lakwena est fascinant et riche en enseignements, non pas seulement par sa nou-veauté, mais par le fait qu'il combine des formes anciennes et récentes et assure une continuité avec le passé et avec des processus sociaux plus vastes, tout en apportant des réponses aux nouveaux troubles sociaux et à ses traumatismes.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1991

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