Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T16:25:21.398Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The pilot model balked landing simulation project: A government, industry and national research cooperation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 February 2016

R. Hosman ,
A. Belyavin ,
H. Hörmann ,
G. Robel ,
J. Schuring ,
P. van der Geest  and
J. Towler
R. Hosman
Affiliation:
[email protected], Aerospace Man-Machine Systems Consulting BV Delfgauw, The Netherlands
A. Belyavin
Affiliation:
QinetiQ, Farnborough, UK
H. Hörmann
Affiliation:
Boeing Research & Technology Europe, Madrid, Spain
G. Robel
Affiliation:
Boeing Phantom Works, Seattle, US
J. Schuring
Affiliation:
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
P. van der Geest
Affiliation:
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
J. Towler
Affiliation:
Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Seattle, US
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The introduction of new larger aeroplanes presents the ICAO Instrument Flight Procedures Panel (IFPP) with the need to review the requirements for the Obstacle Free Zone. To support future decisions, the IFPP took the initiative to ask for the development of pilot models which are capable to control the simulated aircraft during the approach — go-around manoeuvre. The aim of this development was to obtain a tool to perform Monte Carlo simulations for the determination of the flight path statistics of the manoeuvre. In 2001, both QinetiQ and the National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR) were invited to develop pilot models. The two pilot models are based on fundamentally different descriptions of a pilot’s control behaviour. The QinetiQ pilot model is based on a discrete-event representation of pilot control movements and has been developed in the Integrated Performance Modelling Environment (IPME). The NLR pilot model is based on control engineering and is a linear model with visual and motion feedback extended with stochastic disturbances. This development was supported by Boeing, which provided a simulation model of the B747–400 as the representative aircraft model. The integration of the pilot models with the aircraft model was performed by Boeing. Statistical data on the flight path tracking during the approach – go-around manoeuvre and on discrete pilot actions were obtained from simulations performed in a full flight simulator (FFS) at NASA Ames and a fixed-base simulator at Boeing. Both pilot models, the use of the statistical data from the simulations and the integration with the aircraft model are discussed in the paper.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Aeronautical Journal , Volume 113 , Issue 1149 , November 2009 , pp. 715 - 725
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 2009 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Robinson, J.J., Boniface, L.A., Lassooij, E., McCartor, G.R., Pate, D.P. and Putters, R., Impact of pilot modeling applications to the development of ICAO standards for new larger aeroplanes, Civil & Military Flight Simulator Qualification: Time for an upgrade?, Royal Aeronautical Society, London, 9-10 November, 2005.Google Scholar
2. Anderson, D., Robinson, J., Towler, J., Pate, D., Barnes, S., Boniface, L., Lankford, D., Legarreta, G., McCartor, G., Lassooij, E., Bailey, E. and Putters, R., Simulation modeling in the development of flight procedures and aerodrome standards, AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference, San Francisco, CA, 15-18 August, 2005. AIAA 2005-5879.Google Scholar
3. Barnes, S., Lankford, G., McCartor, D. and Ladecky, S., The new FAA flight simulation laboratory’s impact on flight procedure design, AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference, San Francisco, CA, 15-18 August 2005, AIAA 2005-5880.Google Scholar
4. Belyavin, A., Woodward, A., Robel, G. and Woolworth, J., Development of a novel model of pilot control behavior in balked landings, AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference, San Francisco, CA, 15-18 August, 2005, AIAA 2005-5878.Google Scholar
5. Hosman, R., Schuring, J. and Van Der Geest, P., Pilot model development for the manual balked landing maneuver, AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference, San Francisco, CA, 15-19 August, 2005, AIAA-2005-5884.Google Scholar
6. Nguyen, D., Robel, G., Robinson, J., Towler, J. and Woolworth, J., Implementation of a large airplane simulation model to support pilot model development, AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference, San Francisco, CA, 15-18 August, 2005, AIAA 2005-5882.Google Scholar
7. Hörmann, H.J., Van Den Berg, P., Peixato, J., Robinson, J., Rager, T., Belyavin, A. and Hosman, R., Analysis of pilot control behavior during balked landing maneuvers, AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference, San Francisco, CA, 15-18 August, 2005. AIAA 2005-5881.Google Scholar
8. Yaroshevskiy, V.A., Bobylev, A.V., Nekrasov, V.G., Stepanenko, A.N., Hörmann, H.J., Peixoto, J., Robel, G. and Robinson, J., A validation plan for pilot models developed for new larger airplanes, AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference, San Francisco, CA, 15-18 August, 2005, AIAA 2005-5883.Google Scholar
9. Rasmussen, J., Skills, rules, and knowledge; signals, signs, and symbols, and other distinctions in human performance models, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, SMC-13, (3), May/June 1983.Google Scholar
10. Hosman, R.J.A.W., Schuring, J. and Erkelens, L.J.J., A pilot model developed for investigation the balked landing maneuver, National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, Amsterdam, Contractory Report NLR-CR-2003-637, 2005.Google Scholar
11. Bentley, M. and Belyavin, A.J., QinetiQ pilot model: Initial development, QinetiQ/KI/CHS/TR040389, 2004.Google Scholar
12. Hörmann, H.J., Balked landing study, visual segment pilot activities and model requirements, Boeing Research & Technology Europe, Madrid, Spain, 2005.Google Scholar
13. Hosman, R., Pilot’s Perception and Control of Aircraft Motions, PhD. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delftse Universitaire Pers, Delft, the Netherlands, 1996.Google Scholar
14. Hosman, R. and Henk, S, Pilot’s perception in the control of aircraft motions, Control Engineering Practices, 1999, 7, (11), pp 1421–1428.Google Scholar
15. Stapleford, R.L., Peters, R.A. and Alex, F.R., Experiments and a model for pilot dynamics with visual and motion inputs, NASA CR-1325, 1969.Google Scholar
16. Levison, W.H. and Junker, A.M., A model for pilot’s use of motion cues in roll-axis tracking tasks, Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Report No 3528, Cambridge, MA, 1977.Google Scholar
17. Hosman, R.J.A.W., Advani, S.K. and Haeck, N., Integrated design of the motion cueing system for a Wright Flyer Simulator, AIAA J of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 2005, 28, (1), pp 43–5.Google Scholar
18. McRuer, D.T., Graham, D., Krendel, E.S. and Reisener, W., Human pilot dynamics in compensatory systems, theory, models, and experiments with controlled element and forcing function variations, AFFDL-TR-65-15, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 1965.Google Scholar
19. Clement, W.F., Jex, H.R. and Graham, D., Application of system analysis theory for manual control displays to aircraft instrument landing, Forth Annual NASA University Conference on Manual Control, NASA SP-192, 1968.Google Scholar
20. Steurs, M., Mulder, M. and Van Paassen, R., A cybernetic approach to assess flight simulator fidelity, AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference, Providence, RI, 16-19 August 2004, AIAA 2004-5442.Google Scholar
21. Wewerinke, P.H., Visual scene perception process involved in the manual approach, National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR), Amsterdam, 1978, NLR TR 78130 U.Google Scholar
22. Wewerinke, P.H., The effect of visual information on the manual approach and landing, National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR), Amsterdam, 1980, NLR TR 80055 U.Google Scholar
23. Geest, P., Van Der Boeing 747 procedural pilot model, National Aerospace Laboratory, NLR, Amsterdam, 2008, Technical note NLR-CR-2008-721.Google Scholar