Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system affecting young adults. Although adults and children share important features of the disease, they also differ in some clinical, radiological and laboratory aspects. This review focuses on the neuroimmunological findings in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with MS pointing out that there is already at earliest time of clinical manifestation a neuroimmunological pattern, which differs only in intensity of the humoral immune response but not in frequency and does not support a neuroimmunological difference between early onset from adult onset MS. The humoral immune response with intrathecal IgG and IgM class response and the polyspecific production of antibodies against a wide range of antigens (MRZ antibody response) further helps to differentiate childhood MS from ADEM as the main differential diagnostic challenge.

The occurrence of urogenital dysfunction as an isolated early symptom in multiple sclerosis (MS) is rare, but the prevalence thereof becomes high with progression of disease. Lower urinary tract dysfunction may add to the cause of death (particularly through urinary infections), but both urinary and sexual dysfunction significantly affect quality of life of patients.

Both storage and evacuation of urine may be affected by MS, and ultimatively the functional diagnosis can only be made by urodynamic testing. As upper urinary tract affection is, however, rare (and can be prevented by timely ultrasound imaging), a first stage diagnostics in the MS center by the neurologist and specialized nurse is appropriate. History, urine tests and post void residual urine determination (preferably by ultrasound) should provide necessary data for treatment of infections, and also symptomatic management of frequency, urgency and incontinence by bladder training, anticholinergics, and intermittent self catheterization (as indicated); the referral to urologist may be reserved for patients who fail first line treatment. Treatment in the late stages of MS is as yet little researched, but eventually a suprapubic catheter is the preferred method of bladder emptying. Sexual dysfunction should be actively sought in MS patients (in men erectile and ejaculation dysfunction, in women deficient lubrication and genital hyper- or hyposensitivity are frequent). Clinical examination contributes little to clarification of neurogenic sexual dysfunction, but defines the extent of other deficits due to MS, which may be relevant for sexual counseling (spasticity, sensory loss). Sildenafil has been demonstrated to be effective in treatment of men, but not in women. Other management options exist, and the doctor and nurse in the MS center should be proactive in providing first line counseling and management.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is regarded as a prototypic inflammatory autoimmune central nervous system disorder causing neurological disability in young adults. Recommended basic immunomodulatory therapies of MS are currently interferon beta and glatiramer acetate. Both have proven to be clinically and paraclinically effective and clinical evidence suggests that treatment should be initiated as early as possible.

However, despite the fact that therapeutic options for MS have significantly been widened over the past decade there is still tremendous activity in the search for new treatment options for MS.

One important development in the field is reflected by the substantial number of promising results for oral therapies. Various phase III clinical trials are currently being initiated or are already underway evaluating the efficacy of a variety of orally administered agents, including cladribine, teriflunomide, laquinimod, fingolimod and fumaric acid. It is hoped that these oral therapies for MS further broaden our armament for MS therapy.